英语六级阅读理解逐句翻译.pdf

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1、2006年 12月、In a purely biological sense,fear begins with the bodys system for reacting to things that canharm us-the so-called fight-or-flight response.u从纯生物角度来说，恐惧始于人体系统对会伤害我们的事情的反应一一即所谓的“战斗或逃脱”反应。An animal that cant detect danger cant stay alive,says Joseph LeDoux.Like animals,humans evolved with a

2、n elaborate mechanism for about potential threats.“不能觉察到危险的动物无法生存 Jeseph LeDoux。像动物一样，人类进化过程中形成了一个精巧的机制，以处理潜在威胁的信息。At its core is a cluster of neurons（神经元）deep in the brain known as the amygdala（扁桃核）.该机制的核心是大脑内部的一束被称为扁桃核的神经元。LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand

3、how we formmemories of significant events in our lives.Ledoux研究了动物和人类对危险的反应方式，以理解我们对于生活中重要事件是如何形成记忆的。The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain,including regions responsible forretrieving memories.扁桃核从大脑的很多部位中接受输入的信息，包括负责回收记忆的部位。Using this information,the amygdala appraises a situation

4、-1 think this charging dog wants tobite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body.使用该信息,扁桃核对情景进行分析我觉得这只充满攻击性的狗想咬我一进而通过体内神经信号的辐射启动效应。These signals produce the familiar signs of distress:trembling,perspiration and fast-movingfeet Just to name three.这些信号产生与危险相似的信号：颤抖、流汗和

5、快步逃跑，这仅是其中的三种反应。This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals,but no one can say for surewhether beasts other than humans know theyre afraid.恐惧机制对所有动物的生存都是至关重要的，但是没有人敢肯定地说除了人以外，动物是否感受到了恐惧。That is,as LeDoux says,if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness,then youget t

6、he feeling of fear.正如Ledoux所言：“如果你把该机制放进一个有知觉的大脑中，你就会有恐惧的感觉”Humans,says Edward M.Hallowell,have the ability to call up images of bad things thathappened in the past and to anticipate future events.Edward M.Hallowell说人类拥有回忆过去发生的不好事情的图像和预测未来的能力。Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired

7、 danger-detection systems,andyou get a near-universal human phenomenon:worry.把这些高级思维过程与我们固有的危险探测系统结合在一起，你将会获得一个几乎是人类所共有的现象：担忧。Thats not necessarily a bad thing,says Hallowell,When used properly,worry is anincredible device,he says.Hallowell说，这未必是件坏事。“如果使用恰当，担忧式中难以置信的设计”他说。After all,a little healthy

8、worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action like having adoctor look at that weird spot on your back.毕竟，稍许健康的担忧是未尝不可的，如果担忧可以带来建设性的行为-如让医生检查一下你背上奇怪的斑点。Hallowell insists,though,that theres a right way to worry.但是Hallowell坚持认为，担忧存在着一种正确的模式。Never do it alone,get the facts and then make a plan,he

9、 says.“永远不要只是担忧，要获取事实，然后指定计划”他说。Most of us have survived a recession,so were familiar with the belt-tightening strategiesneeded to survive a slump.我们中的大多数都有从衰退中熬过来的精力，所以我们都熟知度过低潮所需要的节约政策。Unfortunately,few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism,so it*sbeen difficult to get fa

10、cts about how we should respond.不幸的是，我们中仅有少数人有处理恐怖主义危险的经验，所以要获取我们应该如何应对的信息变得十分困难。Thats why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries lastfall by asking doctors for Cipro（抗炭疽菌的药物）and buying gas masks.这就是为什么Hallowell认为在去年秋天的时候，人们向医生获取抗炭疽菌的药物和购买防毒面具并由此深陷于某种极度担忧中的行为是可以理解的

11、。Ami tai Etzioni is not surprised by the latest headings about scheming corporate crooks（骗子）.Amitai Etzioni并没有对最新的关于行骗团伙的阴谋的报纸标题感到惊奇。As a visiting professor at the Harvard Business School in 1989,he ended his work theredisgusted with his students overwhelming lost for money.作 为1989年哈佛大学商学院的访问学者，他在结束

12、工作时对于他的学生对金钱的绝大欲望感到厌恶。“Theyre taught that profit is all that matters,he says.Many schools dont even offer ethics（伦理学）courses at alL“他们被教育金钱就是一切。他说，“很对学校甚至不提供任何伦理学的课程。”Etzioni expressed his frustration about the interests of his graduate students.Etzioni说他对他的研究生们的兴趣所在感到沮丧。“By and large,I clearly had

13、not found a way to help classes full of MBAs see that there ismore to life than money,power,fame and self-interest.”He wrote at the time.Today he still takes the blame for not educating these“business leaders-to-be.I really like I failed them,he says.If I was a better teacher maybe Icould have reach

14、ed them.“很长时间，很 明 显 我 找 不 到 个方 法 让 个MBA班的学员认识生活不但是金钱，全力，名声和私立”他那时候写道。现在她仍然自责当初没有好好教导这群“未来的商业领袖”“我真的觉得我让他们失望了“他说：“如果我当初是个更好的老师，或许就能够影响他们”Etzioni was a respected ethics expert when he arrived at Harvard.初到哈佛的时候，Etzioni是一位受人尊敬的伦理学专家。He hoped his work at the university would give him insight into how qu

15、estions of moralitycould be applied to places where self-interest flourished.他希望他在哈佛的工作可以帮他弄明白如何让道德问题应用于充满私立的地方。What he found wasnt encouraging.他的研究结果很难让人兴奋。Those would be executives had,says Etzioni,little interest in concepts of ethics and moralityin the boardroomand their professor was met with b

16、lank stares when he urged his students tosee business in new and different ways.Etzioni说，那些未来的经理们对于董事会里的伦理和道德概念没有什么兴趣-当他尝试促使他的学生用一种新的，不同的方式看待商业的时候，教授看到的是空洞的眼神。Etzioni sees the experience at Harvard as an eye-opening one and says theres much aboutbusiness schools that hed like to change.Etzioni把在哈佛的经

17、历看作开了一次眼界，并称他觉得商学院需要作出很多改变。“A lot of the faculty teaching business are bad news themselves,“Etzioni says.From offeringclasses that teach students how to legally manipulate contracts,to reinforcing the notion of profitover community interests,Etzioni has seen a lot Ihats left him shaking his head.“很多

18、教商业的教职人员本身就是坏消息”Etzioni说。从提供教授学生如何合法操作合同，到强化利润高于公众利益的观念。Etzioni看到了很多让他摇头叹息的事情。And because of what hes seen taught in business schools,hes not surprised by the latest rashof corporate scandals.由于他目睹了商学院所教授的内容，所以在看到公司一连串最新的丑闻时，他一点也不觉得奇怪。“In many ways things have got a lot worse at business schools,I s

19、uspect,“says Etzioni.“从很多方面来说，我怀疑商学院里的情形变的更糟了“Etzioni说。Etzioni is still teaching the sociology of right and wrong and still calling for ethical businessleadership.Etzioni仍然在教授关于是与非的社会学，仍然在奔走号召复合伦理的商业领导学。“People with poor motives will always exist.He says.Sometimes environments constrainthose people

20、and sometimes environments give those people opportunity.“怀有不良动机的人总会存在“他说。“有时候环境限制了那些人，有时候环境给那些人创造了生命”Etzioni says the booming economy of the last decade enabled those individuals with poormotives to get rich before getting in trouble.Etzioni说，最近十年经济的高速发展让那些心怀不轨的人在遇上麻烦之前发了财。His hope now:that the cri

21、es for reform will provide more fertile soil for his long-standingmessages about business ethics.他现在希望：对改革的呼吁会让他一直提出的商业伦理的信息可以得到肥沃的土壤。2007年 6 月、Google is a world-famous company,with its headquarters in Mountain View,California.Google（谷歌）是一家享誉世界的公司，其总部位于加州山景区。It was set up in a Silicon Valley garage

22、in 1998,and inflated（膨胀）with the Internet bubble.1998年始建于硅谷的一间车房里，随着.互联网泡沫的膨胀发展。Even when everything around it collapsed the company kept on inllating.即使当与互联网相关的一切开始破裂的时候，它仍然飞速发展。Googles search engine is so widespread across the world that search became Google,andgoogle became a verb.Google的搜索引擎在全球范

23、围内流传，以至于Google成了搜索的代名词，而 google也成为一个动词。The world fell in love with the effective,fascinatingly fast technology.世界爱上了这项迷人而快捷的技术。Google owes much of its success to the brilliance of S.Brin and L.Page,but also to a seriesof fortunate events.Google的成功很大程度上归功于S.Brin和 L.Page的才华，但同时也是,连串幸运事件的结果。It was Page

24、 who,at Stanford in 1996,initiated the academic project that eventually becameGoogles search engine.1996年，Page在斯坦福大学作一个学术项目，最终成为google的搜索引擎。Brin,who had met Page at a student orientation a year earlier,joined the project early on.Brin在之前的一年的新生介绍会上认识了 P ag e,随后加入了 Google搜索引擎的项目。They were both Ph.D.ca

25、ndidates when they devised the search engine which was better thanthe rest and,without any marketing,spread by word of mouth from early adopters to,eventually,your grandmother.当时他们都是博士研究生，但他们设计的搜索引擎要优于其他的，而且没有做任何市场推广，仅靠交口相传，就从最初的使用者最终传到了你祖母的耳中。Their breakthrough,simply put,was that when their search

26、 engine crawled the Web,it didmore than just look for word matches,it also tallied(统计)and ranked a host of other criticalfactors like how websites link to one another.简单来说，他们的突破发生在搜索引擎在网络上慢慢传播的时候，引擎提供的不仅仅是找寻匹配的词语，还可以根据一些关键指标如网页如何相连对主页进行统计和排序。That delivered far better results than anything else.引擎得到的

27、结果比其他的都好。Brin and Page meant to name their creation Googol(the mathematical term for the number 1followed by 100 zeroes),but someone misspelled the word so it stuck as Google.Brin和 Page用 googol（数学术语，指前面有100个零的数字）命名他们的作品，但是有人把这个单词错拼成了 GoogleoThey raised money from prescient（有先见之明的）professors and vent

28、ure capitalists,andmoved off campus to turn Google into business.他们从有先见之明的教授和风险投资者那里筹集资金，让 google从校园走向商业化。Perhaps their biggest stroke of luck came early on when they tried to sell their technology toother search engines,but no one met their price,and they built it up on their own.或许他们最大的运气是在早期，那是他们

29、尝试出售自己的技术给其他引擎公司，但没有人能够满足他们的价位，于是他们决定自己创业。The next breakthrough came in 2000,when Google figured out how to make money with itsinvention.第二次突破是在2000年，当时google提出如何利用发明盈利。It had lots of users,but almost no one was paying.Google有众多用户，但几乎没有人付费。The solution turned out to be advertising,and its not an exa

30、ggeration to say that Google isnow essentially an advertising company,given that thats the source of nearly all its revenue.最终的解决方法是做广告，毫不夸张的说，Gooogle现在实际上就是一家广告公司，因为几乎其所有的收入都是源于广告。Today it is a giant advertising company,worth$100 billion现在Google是一家巨型广告公司，其市值达到一千亿美元。二、You hear the refrain all the ti

31、me:the U.S.economy looks good statistically,but it doesnH feelgood.你一直重复听到：美国的经济从数据上看很不错，但实际上并不觉得很好。Why doesnt ever-greater wealth promote ever-greater happiness?为什么不断增加的财富却没有促进不断提高的幸福程度呢？It is a question that dates at least to the appearance in 1958 of The Affluent（富裕的）Societyby John Kenneth Galbra

32、ith,who died recently at 97.这个问题最早要追溯到1958年 富足社会 一书的出现，其作者John Kenneth Galbraith最近去世了，享年97岁。The Affluent Society is a modern classic because it helped define a new moment in thehuman condition.富足社会是一本现代名著，因为书中定义了人类境况的一个新时期。For most of history,“hunger,sickness,and cold”threatened nearly everyone,Galb

33、raithwrote.在历史上的大多数时期，“饥寒交迫和疾病 几乎威胁了每一个人。Galbraith写道：“Poverty was found everywhere in that world.Obviously it is not of ours.”“贫穷出现在那个世界的任何角落。但这显然与我们无关”After World War II,the dread of another Great Depression gave way to an economic boom.In the 1930s unemployment had averaged 18.2 percent;in the 195

34、0s it was 4.5 percent.“二战”后，对于新的一次大衰退的恐惧让位于一次经济繁荣。在二十世纪三十年代，失业率高达18.2%,而在二十世纪五十年代，失业率为4.5%。To Galbraith,materialism had gone mad and would breed discontent.对于Galbraith而言，物质主义已经疯狂，并且会滋生不满。Through advertising,companies conditioned consumers to buy things they didnt really wantor need.公司通过广告让消费者购买他们不需要

35、或者不想要的东西。Because so much spending was artificial,it would be unfulfilling.如此多的花费是虚假的，所以肯定会有不满Meanwhile,government spending that would make everyone better off was being cut downbecause people instinctivelyand wronglylabeled government only as“a necessary evil.”同时，能让每个人生活得更好的政府开销却减少了，因为人们本能地、错误地为政府贴上

36、了“必要的恶魔，的标签。Its often said that only the rich are getting ahead;everyone else is standing still or fallingbehind.人们常说只有富人在前行，其他人都停留在原地或者落在后面。Well,there are many undeserving rich-overpaid chief executives,for instance.例如，是有很多人不应富有的人But over any meaningful period,most peoples incomes are increasing.工资

37、过高的首席执行官。但是在经历了很多重要时期之后，大多数人的收入在上升。From 1995 to 2004,inflation-adjusted average family income rose 14.3 percent,to$43,200.从 1995年 到 2004年，针对通货膨胀进行调整的普通家庭收入上升了 14.3%,达到了43,200 美元。People feel“squeezed“because their rising incomes often dont satisfy their risingwantsfor bigger homes,more health care,mo

38、re education,faster Internet connections.人们觉得“被压榨”，是因为他们增加的收入不能满足他们上升的欲望-更大的房子，更多医疗保健，更多教育，更快的网络连接。The other great fruslration is that it has not eliminated insecurity.另外一人沮丧是不安全感并没有被消除。People regard job stability as pari of their standard of living.人们把工作的稳定性看成生活标准的一部分。As corporate layoffs increased

39、,that part has eroded.随着公司裁员的增加了，这部分被腐蚀了。More workers fear theyve become“the disposable American,M as Louis Uchitelle puts it inhis book by the same name.更过的员工害怕自己会成为“被处理的美国人“，这一说法来 自 于 LouisUchtelle的同名著作。Because so much previous suffering and social conflict stemmed from poverty,the arrival ofwides

40、pread affluence suggested utopian（乌托邦式的）possibilities.因为前面提到的痛苦和社会冲突都来源于贫穷，大范围富裕的来临暗示了乌托邦式的可能。Up to a point,affluence succeeds.There is much les physical misery than before.People arebetter off.Unfortunately,affluence also creates new complaints and contradictions.从某种意义来说，富裕成功了。比起以前，身体上的痛苦大大减少。人们比以前

41、更富于了。不幸的是，富足同样创造了新的抱怨和矛盾。Advanced societies need economic growth to satisfy the multiplying wants of their citizens.现金的社会需要经济增长，以满足市民日益多样化的需要。But the quest for growth lets loose new anxieties and economic conflicts that disturb thesocial order.但是对增长的追求却产生了新的焦虑和经济冲突，扰乱了社会秩序。Affluence liberates the in

42、dividual,promising that everyone can choose a unique way toself-fulfillment.富裕解放了个人，承诺每个人可以选择独特方式来达成自己的愿望。But the promise is so extravagant that it predestines many disappointments and sometimesinspires choices that have anti-social consequences,including family breakdown and obesity（肥胖症）.但是承诺是如此的奢侈

43、，以至于注定会有失望，有时还会引起带来反社会的选择，包括家庭破裂和肥胖症。Statistical indicators of happiness have not risen with incomes.数据表明，幸福并没有随着收入的增长而增长。Should we be surprised?Not really.Weve simply reaffirmed an old truth:the pursuit ofaffluence does not always end with happiness.我们是不是应该感到惊讶？不必。我们仅是重新印证了一句老话：对富裕的追求并不会总是以幸福为结局.20

44、07年 12月、Like most people,Ive long understood that I will be judged by my occupation,that myprofession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am.像大多数人一样，我早就知道我的职业将左右别人对我的判断，我的工作室人们可以用来衡量我的聪明和材质的标准。Recently,however,I was disappointed to see that it also decides how Im treated as aperson.

45、但是最近，我非常失望地发现工作也决定了别人怎样对待我。Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables.去年我辞去了小镇记者的工作，该做了一名侍者。As someone paid to serve food to people.1 had customers say and do things to me I suspecttheyd never say or do to their most casual acquaintances.在这份为人们提供食

46、物的工作中，我遇到的一些顾客对我说了 些话、做了 一些事情，这些话和是我认为他们从来不会向哪怕是他们最熟悉的人去说或做的。One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away,then beckoned（示意）me backwith his finger a minute later,complaining he was ready to order and asking where Id been.有一天晚上，一个正在打电话的男人先是打手势把我赶走，一分钟后又用他的手指示我回来，对我抱怨说他正在准备点菜，问我究竟去了哪里。I had

47、waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon（勤杂工）by plenty ofpeople.上大学期间，在暑假我就做过侍者，但是就被很多人当勤杂工。But at 19 years old.I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults.但是那时19岁的我认为那些职场中的成年人对我差一点也理所当然。Besides,people responded to me differently after I told them I w

48、as in college.此外，当我告诉他们我在读大学时，我得到的对待又有所不同。Customers would joke that one day Fd be sitting at their table,waiting to be served.顾客们开玩笑说，总有一天我会坐在他们的位置上，等候服务。Once I graduated I took a job at a community newspaper.毕业之后我在社区的报社找到一份工作。From my first day,I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me.I

49、 assumed thiswas the way the professional world worked-cordially.从工作的第天开始，其他人就用充满敬意的语气称呼我。我以为这就是职场的方式-亲切。I soon found out differently,I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representativewith a similar name.我很快发现并不是这样。我坐的位置和我的名字相似的广告部俏售代表只有几英尺远。Our calls would often get mixed up and someo

50、ne asking for Kristen would be transferred toChristie.我们的电话经常会被弄混，有人要找克里斯滕会被转到克里斯蒂这里来。The mistake was immediately evident.这是明显的错误。Perhaps it was because money was involved,but people used a tone with Kristen that theynever used with me.或许是包含了金钱的因素，但是人们对克里斯滕的语气是从来不会用在我身上的。My job title made people tre