英语四级阅读理解逐句翻译.pdf

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1、2006年6月Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying thetruth.通讯技术在传递真相的时候并不是简单地和真相本身一致。The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media hasfound that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are inemails.从第一项对使用不同通讯媒介

2、时的诚实程度的比较重可以看出，人们在使用电话时的说谎几率是使用电子邮件时的两倍。The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt（困扰）you-appears to be the key to the finding.因为电子邮件内容会被自动记录下来-一并可能对你造成困扰-这就是这项研究的关键所在。Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca iOsko,New York,asked 30students to keep a communication

3、s diary fbr a week.Jeff Hancock在位于纽约州伊萨卡的康奈尔大学执教，他曾要求30个学生记录一周中每天的通讯情况。In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lastingmore than 10 minutes,and confessed to how many lies they told.参与其中的人需要记录超过10分钟的对话或者电子邮件通讯的数量，并且要坦诚自己说了多少谎话。Hancock then worked out the number of lies

4、 per conversation fbr each medium.He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails,21 per cent of instant messages,27percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.Hancock据此推算出使用各种通讯媒介在每次交流过程中说谎的次数。他得出结论：谎言在电子邮件通讯中占了 14%,在当面沟通中占了 27%,而在电话交流中占了 37%His results,to be

5、presented at the conference on human computer interaction inViennavi ena,Austria:stria,in April,have surprised psychologists.这项研究结果于4月份再奥地利维也纳的“人与电脑互动国际会议”上被宣读，并且令心理学家们感到惊讶。Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars,reasoning that because deceptionmakes people uncomfortable,the detachment（非直接接触

6、）of e-mailing would makeit easier to lie.有人认为电子邮件是最主要的谎言媒介，因为欺骗会让人不适，而电子邮件非直接接触的特性使其更容易成为谎言发生的渠道。Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we aremost practiced at that form of communication.还有人认为在当面交流的过程中更容易说谎，因为当面交流史最常见的沟通方式。（因为人们更擅长当面交流，所以撒谎技术更娴熟）。But Hancock says it is

7、also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded andcould be reread,and whether occurs in real time.但 是Hancock认为同样重要的是对话过程是否会被记录下来并能够被重新阅读，以及对话是否是即时发生的。People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could laterbe used to hold them to account,he says.This is why fewer lies ap

8、pear in email thanon the phone.当人们觉得时候要对交流过程负责时，就会对说谎存有恐惧感。这就是为什么电子邮件中的谎言要少于电话中的。People are also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message to phone call,say-than if they have time to think of a response,says Hancock.Hancock说，与有时间思考如何回应的情况相比，人们也更倾向于在即时交流过程中说谎一例如在即时信息或者电话中。He found many li

9、es are spontaneous（脱口而出的）responses to an unexpecteddemand,such as:Do you like my dress?他发现很多谎言都是对一些偶然问题脱口而出的回应，例如：你觉得我的裙子怎么样？”Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for theiremployees to communicate.Hancock希望他的研究结果能帮助公司找出员工之间沟通的最佳途径。For instance,the phone might be the

10、best medium for sales where employees areencouraged to stretch the truth.But,given his result,work assessment,where honesty is a priority,might be bestdone using email.但是根据该项研究结果，在做以诚实为重的工作时，最好还是发电子邮件。In a country that defines itself by ideals,not by shared blood,who should beallowed to come,work an

11、d live here?在一个以理念，而不是血缘定义自身的国家里，什么样的人才可以来到这里工作和生活呢？In the wake of the Sept.11 attacks these questions have never seemed morepressing.在“9-11”袭击事件之后，这些问题的紧迫性达到了前所未有的程度。On December.11,2001,as part of the effort to increase homeland securty,federaland local authorities in 14 states staged nOperation Sa

12、fe Travel”-raids on airports toarrest employees with false identification（身份证明）.2001年12月11日，作为增强国土安全工作的一部分，联邦和14个州的机关发动了“安全旅行操作”行动-搜查了机场并逮捕了使用假身份证的雇员。In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests.But those captured were anything butterrorists,most of them illegal immigrants from Central or Sounth American

13、.在盐湖城有69人被捕。这些被捕的人形形色色，但是就是没有恐怖分子，他们中大多数人是来自中南美洲的非法移民。Authorities said the undocumented workers illegal status made them open toblankmall（讹诈）by terrorists.当地政府说，非法劳工的不合法身份使他们容易受恐怖分子讹诈。Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they feltas if they were being treated like d

14、isposable goods.许多在盐湖城的移民对于被捕感到非常气愤，并表示感觉自己就像被丢弃的东西一样。Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent.Anderson市长称这些人的感受就某种程度而言是有根据的Were saying we want you to work in these places,we!re going to look the otherway in terms of what our laws are,and then when its convenient for us,

15、or when wecan try to make a point in terms of national security,especially after Sept.11,thenyou*er disposable There are whole families being uprooted fbr all of the wrongreasons,Anderson said.“我们声称想让你们在这些地方工作，但我们的法律却让我们用另外一种方式来看待你们，因而在适当的时候，或在我们以国家安全为由的时候，特别是在“9-11”之后，你们就被丢弃了。有些人全家都因为这些不合理的理由而被扫地出门

16、。”If Sept.11 had never happened the airport workers would not have been arrestedand could have gone on quietly living in America,probably indefinitely.如 果 没 有 发 生，机场工作人员就不会被捕，可以在美国一直过着安宁的日子，可能永远这样生活着。Ana Castro,a,amanager at a Ben&Jerry*sice cream shop at the airport.had beenworking 10 years with th

17、e same false Social Aecurity card when she was arrested inthe December airport raid.一位名叫 Ana Castro 的机场 Ben Jerry*s 雪糕店经历，使用伪造的社会保障卡工作已经有10年了，直到她在12月机场搜查中被捕。Now she and her family are living under the threat of deporation（马区逐出境）.Castros case is currently waiting to be settled.While she awaits the ou

18、tcome,thegovernment has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job atBen&Jerry*s.现在她和家人生活在可能被驱逐出境的威胁下。Castro的案件目前正等候处理。在她等待处理结果时，政府允许她在美工作，所以她又回到Ben Jerr/s继续她的工作。2006年12月、Reaching new peaks of popularity in North America is Iceberg Water,which isharvested from icebergs off t

19、he coast of Newfoundland,Canada.从加拿大纽芬兰海岸附近的冰山采集而来的Iceberg瓶装水，在北美到达了流行的新巅峰。Arthur von Wiesenberger,who carries the title Water Master,is one of the fewwater critics in North America.拥有“水之大师”头衔的Arthur von Wiesenberger,是北美为数不多的“水评家”之一。As a boy,he spent time in the larger cities of Italy,France and Swi

20、tzerland,where bottled water is consumed daily.孩童时代的她，在一些意大利、法国和瑞士的大城市里待了很长一段时间，那些地方每天会消费大量的瓶装水。Even then,he kept a water journal,noting the brands he liked best.My dogcould tell the difference between bottled and tap water,“He says.从那之后，他写了一本水日记，记录他最喜好的品牌。“连我的狗都可以分辨瓶装水和自来水 他戏称。But is plain tap wate

21、r all that bad?Not at all.In fact,New Yorks municipalwater for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and untilrecently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and purity.但平淡无味的普通自来水就那么糟糕吗？不尽然。事实上，过去的一个多世纪以来，纽约的水被称为自来水中的香槟酒，最近更被人称为在未到和纯净方面属于全球最好之一。Similarly,a

22、 magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames Rivertasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times moreexpensive.同样，一本英国杂志发现院子泰晤士河的自来水尝起来远比一些贵上400倍的大牌瓶装水要好。Nevertheless,soft-drink companies view bottled water as the nextbattleground for market sharethis des

23、pite the fact that over 25 percent ofbottled water comes from tap water：PepsiCos Aquafina and Coca-Colas Dasaniare both purified tap water rather than spring water.然而，软饮料公司认为瓶装水是下一个市场份额的战场一尽管事实上超过百分二十五的瓶装水来自自来水。Pepsico公司的Aquafina和Coca-Cola的Dasani两者都是净化过的自来水，而非矿泉水。As diners thirst fbr leading brands,

24、bottlers and restaurateurs salivate（垂涎）over the profits.用餐者都渴望喝大牌的瓶装水，瓶装水供应商和参观则垂涎背后的利润。A restaurant5s typical mark-up on wine is 100 to 150 percent,whereas onbottled water ifs often 300 to 500 percent.餐厅通常会在将酒价标高至100%到150%,然后在瓶装水上，通常是300%到500%But since water is much cheaper than wine,and many of th

25、e fancier brandsarent available in stores,most diners dont notice or care.但由于水比酒廉价多了，况且许多稀奇古怪的品牌在商店里买不到，大多数用餐的人也就不注意，不关心了。As a result,some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottled water.结果，好些餐厅都在想方设法卖瓶装水。According to an article in The Street Journal,some of the more shamelesstactics i

26、nclude placing attractive bottles on the table fbr a visual sell,listing brandson the menu without prices,and pouring bottled water without even asking thediners if they want it.根 据 华尔街日报的一篇文章，一些比较无耻的手法包括：在餐厅桌上放置有人的瓶子用以视觉销售；菜单只罗列瓶装品牌却无价格；还有叶不问用餐者是否想要，直接给你倒瓶装水。Regardless of how its sold,the popularit

27、y of bottled water taps into our desirefor better health,our wish to appear cultivated,and even a longing fbr lost purity.且不论销售手段，瓶装水的流行利用了我们那一份对健康的渴求，那一份看起来有教养的心愿，以及那一-份对于久违了的纯净的渴望。二、As we have seen,the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting fromcuring disease to preventing disease-

28、especially in terms of changing our manyunhealthy behaviors,such as poor eating habits,smoking,and failure to exercise.如今我们发现，社会医疗保健的重心正从治疗疾病转移到放置疾病一尤其在改变我们诸多不良习惯方面，如：暴饮暴食，抽烟和缺乏锻炼。The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further.与该改革息息相关的一类观点都需要进一步摸索。Imagine a person who is about th

29、e right weight,but does not eat verynutritious（有营养的）foods,who feels OK but exercises only occasionally,who goesto work every day,but is not an outstanding worker,who drinks a few beers at homemost nights but does not drive while drunk,and who has no chest pains or abnormalblood counts,but sleeps a l

30、ot and often feels tired.想象这样一个人，体重恰好，偏不吃有营养的失误；感觉良好，但鲜有机会锻炼；每天上班，但业绩一般；晚上大多在家里喝些啤酒，但不会酒后驾车；而且胸部不痛，血压正常，可惜睡的很多且时常觉得累。This person is not ill.He may not even be at risk for any particular disease.Butwe can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.这个人不算生病，他甚至没有什么风险换上疑难杂症。不过我们能想象，这个人可以更健康。The f

31、ield of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone whois merely”not ill and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to thebod/s special needs.在医药领域中，传统上我们并不区分那些仅是“没病”的人和那些健康且注意身体特别需求的人。这两类人都被称作“健康的人Both types have simply been called well”.In recent years,however,some

32、healthspecialists have begun to apply the terms well and wellness only to those who areactively striving to maintain and improve their health.然而，近年来，一些健康专家开始使用“身体好”和“健康”这两个术语，仅用于那些正在积极努力维持并改善自身健康的人。People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise and they make apoint of monitoring their

33、 bod/s condition.身体好的人总会关注营养和锻炼，并且懂得监察自身的状况。Most important,perhaps,people who are well take active responsibility for allmatters related to their health.也许最重要的是，身体好的人会对一切和健康相关的问题主动负责。Even people who have a physical disease or handicap（缺陷）may be well,inthis new sense,if they make an effort to maintai

34、n the best possible health they can inthe face of their physical limitations.在这种新定义下，只要面对个人身体极限之时仍能尽其所能维持健康，就算身患顽疾或者身有残缺的人也算是身体好的人。“Wellness”may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve,but as an ideal that people can strive for.“健康”或许不应该被看做是一种人们可以达成的境界，而是一种人们为之努力的理想状态。People wh

35、o are well are likely to be better able resist disease and to fight diseasewhen it strikes.当疾病侵袭的时候，身体好的人更能够抵御对抗。And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living,the concept of wellness canhave a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.另外，多注意健康生活之道。健康的概念对于人

36、们面对日常生活的挑战也大有益处。2007年6月、Ive been writing for most of my life.我一辈子大部分时间都在从事写作。The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and onepractice that has helped my writing processes tremendously.写作无师自通这本书想我介绍了一种区别和一种练习。帮助我大大提高了写作水平。The distinction is between the creative mind and the

37、critical mind.区别是关于创造性思维和评判性思维之间的区别。While you need to employ both to get to a finished result,they cannot work inparallel no matter how much we might like to think so.你需要做的是运用两者帮助你得到一个结果，但是他们不能同时起作用，无论我们多么想要这样做。Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing

38、that most of us encounter.试图匆忙地批判写作内容可能是我们大多数人在写作时遇到的最大障碍。If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar whileyou are trying to capture a fleeting（稍纵即逝的）thought,the thought will die.如果你按照五年级英语老师教你的，在努力抓紧稍纵即逝的想法的同时纠正你的语法，这个想法肯定会消失。If you capture the fleeting thought and s

39、imply share it with the world in rawform,no one is likely to understand.如果你抓住了稍纵即逝的想法，但仅以其原始的形式和世界分享，或许没有人能够理解。You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing thetool for thinking that it is.如果你想要把写作作为思考的工具，必须学会首先创造，然后批判。The practice that can help you past your learned

40、bad habits of trying to edit asyou write is what Elbow calls free writing.练习是指ELbow所说的“自由写作”，它可以帮助你改正边写边改的话习惯。In free writing,the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop,usually for15-20 minutes.在自由写作中，我们的目标是在15-20分钟的时间内不间断写作。No stopping,no going back,no criticizing.不停顿，不回头，不作批判。The goal is

41、 to get the words flowing.这样做的目的是使文字流畅起来。As the words begin to flow,the ideas will come from the shadows and letthemselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.当语言开始流畅，想法就会从阴暗处涌现出来，呈现在你的笔记本或者电脑屏幕上。Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mindthat youve pers

42、uaded to sit on the side and watch quietly.现在，你有进行评判性思维的原材料了，建议你坐下静静地查看文稿。Most likely,you will believe that this will take more time than you actually haveand you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.通常，你会认为这个环节所需的时间比你实际需要的时间要长，并且直到最后一刻，你还盯着文稿，头脑一片空白。Instead of staring

43、 at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad.不要盯着空白的屏幕，无论多么糟糕，都开始写下去。Halfway through you available time,stop and rework your raw writing intosomething closer to finished product.写作时间进行到一半时，停下来整理你的初稿，让它更接近终稿。Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will mostlike

44、ly be far better than your current practices.不断前后重复，直到时间用尽。这样，你所得到的终稿会比你用现在在练习中写的文稿要好得多。二、I dont ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again.我不想再谈关于作为一位女性科学家的问题了。There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about whatits like to work in a field dominated by men.有一段时

45、间，人们不断地问我在男性主导的领域中工作的故事。I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I never foundthem interesting.我不擅长将这些故事，因为实际上我并不觉得它们有趣。What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe,the shape of space-timeand the nature of black holes.我真正感兴趣的是宇宙的起源，时空的形状和黑洞的本质。At 19,when I began

46、studying astrophysics,it did not bother me in the least to bethe only woman in the classroom.在19岁的时候，我开始学习天体物理学，作为班上唯一的女性，我一点也不觉得苦恼。But while earning my Ph.D.at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing spaceresearch,the issue started to bother me.但是当我在麻省理工学院攻读博士学位和之后作为博士后进行太空研究时，这一点开始让我觉得苦恼。My every achi

47、evement-jobs,research papers,awardswas viewed through thelens of gender（性别）politics.So were my failures.我的每一项成就一工作，研究论文，奖项一都被人们从性别政治的角度进行审视。我的失败也一样。Sometimes,when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus（相对于）right brain,or nature versus nurture（培育），I would instantly fight fiercely on mybeh

48、alf and all womankind.有时候，当我陷入左脑和右脑，天赋与培育的争论中时，我会立刻为我自己和所有的妇女进行激烈的抗辩。Then one day a few years ago,out of my mouth came a sentence that wouldeventually become my reply to any and all provocations:I dont talk about thatanymore.然后再很多年以后的天，我口中冒出句最终成为我对所有挑衅的回答：“我不再讨论这个问题了“It took me 10 years to get back

49、the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that Ididnt want to deal with gender issues.我花了十年的时间重获19岁时的自信，让自己认识到我不再想要处理性别的问题。Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every femalescientist?为何性别歧视要成为每位女性科学家的另一个可怕的负担？After all,I dont study sociology or political theory.毕竟，我不是社会学或政治理论的研究

50、者。Today I research and teach at Barnard,a womens college in New York City.现在，我 在Barnard纽约的一所女子学院进行研究和授课。Recently,someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class werewomen.最近，有人问我班上的45个学生中有多少是女性。You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer,45.你很难想象我在回答时的满足感：45oI know some of my