阅读理解之细节理解题-2019年高考英语之高频考点.pdf

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1、解密1 3阅读理解之细节理解题II砥，考 点 详 解iI高考中细节理解题通常占阅读理解题总数的一半以上。2014年新课标全国卷考区及其他各考区的高考试题中考查细节理解的题目占阅读理解题目总数的55%左右。细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到，比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。常见的命题方式通常有：1.特殊疑问句形式。以 when,where,what,which,who,how much/many等疑问词开头

2、引出的问题；2.以是非题的形式。true/false,not true/false或 EXCEPT,近年这种题型较少；3.以 According to 开头提问方式；4.以填空题的形式，如：(1)To avoid attracting mountain lions,people are a d v i s e d.(2)By the first sentence of the passage author means that.(3)It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on.(4)If you are interested in

3、knowing about what peoples life will be,you may vi si t.(5)The policemen were told“to look the other way”(the underlined part in Paragraph 2)so that.(6)The policeman who said“Good evening to Rolls wanted to.5.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。做细节理解题时，大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧，考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时，不必通篇细看原文，而常常

4、可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节，就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句.仔细品味，对照比较.确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning)外，还可以兼用排除法.将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下，干扰项有如下几个特点：(1)是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容；(2)符合常识，但不是文章内容；(3)与原文的内容极其相似，只是在程度上有些变动；（4）在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正确，部分错误。有的细节理解题只

5、要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断，只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节，在必要的时候（做判断、推断或结论的时候）能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理，方能做出正确的判断.此类试题在高考中占大多数。值得一提的是，有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语，甚至一个单词，因此需要我们在阅读

6、中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型：题型一描写类细节题描写类细节题，常常考查考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点，或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接，一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解，对于该类题，考生一般都可以较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。R典例制新（2018全国新课标卷I,B）Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking upa s

7、torm in her latest role showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offerstop tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a da

8、y.And the Good MorningBritain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes leant into practice in her own home,preparing mealsfor sons,Sam,14,Finn,l 3,and Jack,11.We love Mexican churros,so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,*sheexplains,I pay 5 for a porlion

9、（份）,but Matt makes them for 26p a portion,because they are flour,water,sugarand oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food,but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this foodourselves.The eight-part series（系歹ij 节自），Save Money:Good Food,follows in the footsteps of【TVs Save Money:GoodHealth,which

10、gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family eachweek.In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration o

11、n a budget.The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.24.What do we know about Susanna Reid?A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests.C.She dislikes working early in the morning.25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?A.He buys cooking materials

12、for her.C.He assists her in cooking matters.B.She has started a new programme.D.She has had a light budget for her family.B.He prepares food for her kids.D.He invites guest families for her.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。24.B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段知道 Good Morning Britains Susann

13、a Reid is used to grilling guests on thesofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role 可知，她开辟了一个新的节目。故选 B。25.C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的 In Save Money:Good Food：she visits a different home eachweek and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste：while

14、 preparingrecipes for under 5 per family a day.可知 Susanna 在 Matt Tebbutt 的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活费低于5 英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达with the helpof 和 help。题型二信息寻找题、广告阅读题信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见，体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能满足各种人对信息的需求，但在高考试题中，常常是就某一方面提问，考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读，因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类

15、题时，宜采用“题 干 定 全 法 即：先阅读题干，然后根据问题要求，有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快，省略了大量的词语，达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练，形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题，关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各种手段(如：补全、联想、推测等)正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。(1)补全

16、成分法省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现，可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解。如：Driver wanted.根据文义，可将该句补充为：A driver will be wanted.(招聘一名司机)。(2)联想推测法在些广告时间、日期、地点、电+话、票价等用了缩略词，甚至一概没有提及，这就需要考生前后连贯，充分想象，整体理解。搜寻已知信息，推断语篇意义。为节省篇幅，特别是在商业广告中，常使用缩写词，尽管有些缩写不太规范，但却常用，常见的缩写词有：Tel.=telephone numberPh.=phoneco.=compa

17、nyMax=maximumhr=hourfig=figureml=mileMt=Mountainprof.=professors=southw=westpop=popularXmas=ChristmasAdd(r).=addressLtd=LimitedMin=minimumt=timeft=footdoz=dozenP=pageDr.=doctorn=northSta=Stationvs=versusinfo=informationVIP=very important persons hrs=hoursaft=after ad=advertisementp/t=part timeexp=ex

18、periencedPC=personal computer MA=Master of ArtsBS degree=bachelors degree（学士学位）口 更 例周折（2018新课标全国卷1,A）Washington,D.C.Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.Duration TourThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers ofWashingto

19、n,D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where theyblossom.Reserve your spot before availability-the cherry blossoms-disappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration hours（4 miles）Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monu

20、ments in Washington,D.C.Explore themonuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guidedtour includes bike,helmet,cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour In Washington,D.C.Duration:3 hoursMorning or Afternoon,this bike tour is the per

21、fect tour fbr D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experienceWashington,D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most,interesting stories about Presidents,Congress,memorials,and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route（路线）make cycling between th

22、e sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration3 hours（7miles）Join a small group bike tour fbr an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington,D.C.Get up close to themonuments and memorials as your bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent sto

23、ps are made forphoto taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike,helmet,and bottled water.All riders areequipped with reflective vests and safety lights.21.Which tour do you need to book in advance?A.Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington,D.C.B.Washington capital Monument

24、s Bicycle Tour.C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.22.What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A.Meet famous people.B.Go to a national park.C.Visit well-known museums.D.Enjoy interesting stories.23.Which of the following does the bicycle

25、tour at night provide?A.City maps.B.Cameras.C.Meals D.Safety lights【文章大意】本文是一篇广告应用文。文章介绍了骑自行车到Washington,D.C.旅游的四中路线的相关行程及注意事项。21.A【解析港电节理解题。根据文章 Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C中的 Reserve your spot beforeavailability可知，这个骑行项目需要提前预约。故 选 A。22.D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章 Capital City Bike Tour in Washin

26、gton,D.C.中的 Knowledgeable guides willentertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents：Congress,memorials,and parks.可知,在这个活动中，你可以享受有趣的故事。故 选 D。23.D 细节理解题。根据文章 Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour 中的 All riders are equipped withreflective vests and safety lights.可知，所有骑行者都要装备反

27、光背心和安全手电筒。故选D。题型三数据计算题此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找出计算关系，通过计算，得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单，关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系，选准比较的数据，弄清单位换算关系，确定计算方法，问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。Q典例*新（2018江苏卷，A）The Metropolitan Museum of Art1000 Fifth A

28、venue New York,NY 10028211-535-7710 w+w=w.metmuseum.orgEntrancesFifth Avenue at 82nd StreetHoursOpen 7 days a week.Sunday-Thursday 10:00-17:30Friday and Saturday 10:00-21:00Closed Thanksgiving Day,December 25,January 1,and the first Monday in May.Admission$25.00 recommended for adults,$12.00 recomme

29、nded for students,includes theMain Building and The Cloisters（回廊）on the same day;free for children under 12with an adult.Free with AdmissionAH special exhibitions,as well as films,lectures,guided tours,concerts,gallery talks,and family/childrens programs are free with admission.Ask about todays acti

30、vities at the Great Hall Information Desk.The Cloisters Museum and GardensThe Cloisters museum and gardens is a branch of The Metropolitan Museum of Artdevoted to the art and architecture of Europe in the Middle Ages.The extensive collectionconsists of masterworks in sculpture,colored glass,and prec

31、iousobjects from Europe dating from about the 9th to the 15thcentury.Hours:Open 7 days a week.March-October 10:00-17:15November-February 10:00-16:45Closed Thanksgiving Day,December 25,and January I.56.How much may they pay if an 11-year-old girl and her working parents visit the museum?A.$12.B.$37.C

32、.$50.D.$62【文章大意】本文为旅游指南。文章主要介绍了 The Metropolitan Museum of A rt的地理位置、开放时间、门票收取、展出内容以及分馆The Cloisters Museum and Gardens的相关情况。56.C【解析践字计算题。根据 admission 部分中的$25 recommended for adults,$12recommended for students,free for children under 12 with an adult可 知 11岁的女孩和她父母去参观博物馆只需付两个成人的票价 即 25x2=50,故答案为Co题 型

33、 四 排 序 题这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类题目可采用首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，这样可以迅速缩小选择范围，从而迅速找到答案。阅读理解的文章如果是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序题通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。从近几年高考试题来看，这类试题主要出现在记叙文和说明文中。题 型 五 图 文 转 换 题此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形，或根据图形选出相应的文字。可采用“文字锁定法”，即找出描述图形的句段，按“文 锁 图，迅速锁定相关图形，或用“图

34、形标示法”，在图形中标出相应的内容，以便做题。Other chiefs refused to go along with the governments plans.The most famous was Chief Joseph,whoseM i典例制新When Lewis and Clark stepped onto theWeippe Prairie in present-day Idaho inSeptember 1808,they met the Nez PerceIndians.In the following years,the whiteexplorers（探险者）began

35、to fight with theIndians for their land.Some Nez Percechiefs signed agreements with the U.S.government,selling part of their lands.Butthe government always broke thoseagreements and demanded more land.The Home of My PeopleI Spo4口rm E.H M E E 4KFl/A,运正W 隔%繁 工|people lived in the Wallowa Valley（presen

36、t-day Oregon）.“In order to have all people understand how much land we owned,“he once explained,tcmy father plantedpoles around it and said:Inside is the home of my people.It circled around the graves（坟墓）of our fathers,andwe will never give up these graves to any man.But in 1874,the U.S.government d

37、eclared the valley open for white settlement and ordered the Nez Perceonto a reservation（保留地）.Seeing that resistance was useless,Chief Joseph agreed to move.Later,fighting broke out between the Nez Perce and U.S.soldiers.Chief Joseph tried to lead his people toCanada,winning several battles against

38、the soldiers during their flight.But finally,he was forced to give in.1.Which historic site（on the map）lies in the south of todays Nez Perce Reservation?A.Buffalo Eddy.B.Dug Bar.C.Joseph Canyon Viewpoint.D.Chief Looking Glass Camp.2.What can we learn about the Nez Perce lands from the map?A.They wer

39、e in the state of Oregon.B.They have become a historic site.C.They have become much smaller.D.They were limited to the Wallowa Valley.【答案与解+析】I D 此题考查学生的图示理解能力。首先要找到并标出现在Nez Perce Reservation所在的位置，然后找到它以南的历史景点、。可以看到Chief Looking Glass camp位 于 Nez Perce Reservation的南部。2.C 从地图中我们可以看到，Nez Perce原先所拥有的土地

40、比现在NezPerce保留区的位置大多了。6.代词指代题解题技能代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型，所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。典例制名（2016 新课标卷 III）On one of her trips to New York several years ago,Eudora Welty decided to take acouple of New York friends out to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Slide cafe an

41、d within minutes,another customer was approaching their table.Hey,arent you from Mississippi?”the elegant,white-haired writer remembered being asked by thestranger.Im from Mississippi too.HWithout a second thought,the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up,she alsopulled up a

42、 chair.They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,Welty said.I didnt know what my New Yorkfriends were thinking.*Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave,it was pouringoutside.Weltys new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Headi

43、ng back downtown toward her hotel,herbig-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi statereunion（团聚）.“My friends said:Now we believe your stories/Welty added.And I said:Now you know.These arethe people that make me write them/Sitting on

44、a sofa in her room,Welty,a slim figure in a simple gray dress,looked pleased with this explanation.I dont make them up,she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.I dont haveto.MBeauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Weltys people come from afternoon

45、s spentvisiting with old friends,from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss.,from conversations overheardon a bus.It annoys Welty that,at 78,her left ear has now given out.Sometimes,sitting on a bus or a train,she hearsonly a fragment（片 段）of a particularly interesting story.26.The und

46、erlined word them in Paragraph 6 refers to We l t y s.A.readers B.parties C.friends D.stories【文章大意】文章介绍了一位女作家请纽约的朋友吃饭时发生的故事。Wehy是一位年纪比较大的作家，她来自密西西比。Welly的作品都是来自于现实的生活。2 6.D【解析】画线的them指代前面提到的人或物，根据Now re believe your stones”可知，them指代的是Welty写的小说里面的故事，听了 Weity和两个陌生人的有关密西西比的谈话之后，Weity的朋友相信了 Weity小说里的故事都

47、是来源于生活，故 选 D。II检 测 训 练|L题组一真题在线Passage 1（2018 全国新课标卷 II A）Summer ActivitiesStudents should read the list with their parents/careers,and select two activities theywould like to do.Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to school.Before choices are f

48、inalised,parents/careers will be asked tosign to confirm their childs choices.ActivityDescriptionMember ofstaffCostOutdoorAdventure(OUT)Take yourself out of your comfort zone for aweek,discover new personal qualities,andlearn new skills.You will be able to take partin a number of activities from can

49、oeing to wildcamping on Dartmoor.Learn rock climbingand work as a team,and enjoy the greatoutdoor environment.Mr.Clemens140WWI Battlefieldsand Paris(WBP)On Monday we travel to London.After stayingovernight in London,we travel on Day 2 tonorthern France to visit the World War Ibattlefields.On Day 3 w

50、e cross into Belgium.Thursday sees us make the short journey toParis where we will visit Disneyland Parispark,staying until late to see the parade andthe fireworks.Our final day,Friday,sees usvisit central Paris and tour the main sights.Mrs.Milson425Crafty Foxes(CRF)Four days of product design centr