2022专升本英语强化训练阅读测试要求及应试指导+阅读理解题型的解题技巧.pdf

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1、第一节阅读测试要求及应试指导一、测试要求阅读理解部分主要测试考生的篇章理解能力和通过阅读材料获取信息的能力。阅读理解部分共有5项任务，其中前4项任务是每篇文章下设5个选择题，每 题2分,分值为4 0分;最 后1项任务是阅读填空，每 题2分,分值为1 0分，每题答案不超 过3个词（答案超过3个词不得分）0阅读理解部分所选取的文章题材和体裁广泛多样。题材包括新闻报道、科普常识、人物传记、社会、文化、教育等内容，为考生所熟悉;体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文。考生应能理解、捕捉文中的具体信息;根据文章内容进行信息转换;根据上下文识别指代关系、推断生词的词义；根据所读内容做出简单的推理和判断;理

2、解所读内容的主旨；理解所读内容的篇章结构;理解作者的意图、基本观点和态度;识别不同文体的特征。二、应试指导（一）提高阅读理解能力的方法阅读理解部分的突破绝非一日之功，而是日积月累的结果。在日常学习中，考生应从以下几方面入手：1.扩大阅读量，提高阅读理解能力和阅读速度在日常英语学习中，考生要注意运用精读和泛读相结合的方法。根据考试要求,考生应达到2 5 0 0个英语单词的词汇量，其精读量应达到1.5万词左右,而泛读量应为7万词左右。因此，在精读文章的基础上扩大阅读量是提高英语阅读能力的有效手段。扩大阅读量又是养成英语思维方式，形成良好阅读习惯的有效方法。很多考生在阅读中受平时精读学习的影响，过分

3、注意文章的词语及细节，以致影响了阅读速度及对文章信息理解的深度。在阅读文章的选择上，一定要选择难度适合自己现有英语水平的文章，从易到难逐步提高阅读层次。那种急于求成，只看难度而不切合实际的阅读训练，其学习效果往往适得其反。2 .加强语言知识的学习和训练英语语言知识包括语音、词汇、语法等。对考生而言，提高阅读能力应将重点放在词汇和语法上。很多人认为，将3 0 0 0至4 0 0 0个英语词汇记住就算突破了词汇关，其实这是一种误解。英语的单词和短语只有放在具体的语言环境中学习才更有意义。将单词和短语的学习与阅读 割裂开来的学习方法是不会产生好的学习效果的。在英语语言的实际运用中，绝大部分单词都是一

4、词多义或一词多用。学习中，记住了某些词的拼写仅是词汇学习的起步阶段。因此，我们主张一定要将词汇学习和阅读密切联系，使我们所学的词汇在阅读中发挥作用，并且在阅读中进一步掌握其用法。英语语法在阅读理解中的应用与词汇很相似。在阅读理解过程中，语法知识可以促使我们第四章阅读理解200更好地理解文章。但是，在现实学习中，很多考生往往忽视了语法规则对理解文章所起的作用，导致部分考生无法运用所学的语法知识进一步分析和理解文章。阅读理解在很大程度上是对考生词汇和语法知识掌握程度的检测，因此需要考生加强词汇与语法等语言知识的学习和训练。3.拓宽知识面,增加背景知识掌握文章信息是阅读理解的最终目的。所谓的信息是指

5、文章的题材和内容。一般来说，理解所测试的题材为:社会生活、人物传记、科普、史地、政治、经济等。它几乎包括了我们百常学习的各个科目。考生在平时学习中，应该较多地了解西方文化特别是英美文化，增加知识储备，同时了解目前的科技和社会发展状况。如果我们在做阅读之前有了一定的知识储备，就不至于在阅读理解时对某些信息把握不准。4.熟悉不同的文章体裁文章的体裁指文章信息的表现形式。把握不同的文章体裁有助于提高阅读理解水平。其语阅读理解试题中的文章体裁多样,包括记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文等。记叙文：以记叙为主要表达方式,综合其他表达方式；以写人、叙事、写景、状物为主要内容;通过描述人物、时间及状物、写景来表

6、达一定的中心。记叙文有六个基本要素：时间、地 点、人物、起因、经过、结果。议论文：是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法或主张的一种文体。议论文包括三要素：论点、论据和论证方法。论点是观点；论据是事实依据或 公认的真理;论证是得出结论的方法，如归纳法、推理法、对照法、驳论法。说明文：是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性。说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。说明结构包括:总分;分总；总分总。(4)应用文:指日常生活或工作中经常应用的文体，通常是

7、以实用性为目的，以真实性为基础，以时效性为根本，以规范性为准则。应用文不同于其他体裁的文章，其目的是为了向读者传输信息，措辞简洁明了、直截了当，主要包括广告、启事、海报、公告、书信、报告、摘要等。应用文主要考查考生提取和处理信息的能力，还考查考生对特定细节的选取、排除和综合的能力，这种体裁以事实细节题为常考题型。实际考试中，很多阅读理解的命题与文章的体裁有直接或间接的联系，而不同体裁的文章有不同的信息侧重点。考生在复习中熟悉不同文章的体裁对提高阅读第四章阅读理解201理解能力非常重要。(-)阅读理解应试技巧除了平时加强阅读训练外，掌握必要的应试技巧也是考试成功的关键所在。在考试过程中，要想在规

8、定的时间内既准确又快速地回答好所有问题，还需要注意以下几个方面：1,需兼顾速度和理解考生需要控制好阅读的速度和时间，做到理解、速度两兼顾。作者通过文字表达自己的思想观点，但并不是每个单词、每个句子都传达有效信息。在一篇文章中，有的单词只是结构符号，只传递辅助信息，有的句子不过是赘言重复。略去这些多余的词句，文章所表达的思想不会受太大的影响。所以考生应把注意力集中在句子所表达的内容上，以及句子和句子之间的逻辑关系上，避免孤立地看句子或死抠个别词义，这样才有利于提高阅读的速度和理解的准确性。2.不同体裁的文章选择不同的阅读方法 记叙文要特别注意人物的特征，主要情节，事件发生的时间、地点及最后结局。

9、议论文应首先掌握议论的主题，其次是作者的观点、论据(主要理由及事实)和最后结论。说明文应抓住所说明事物的基本特点及作用，以及与有关事物的关系、差异，记住面积、重量、数量、温度、距离等相关数字。(4)应用文要在把握文章结构的前提下，抓住文章的主旨大意。另外，需要着重掌握文章的具体细节以及作者表达的思想情感。3.先看问题再读文章这样做比先读完全文再逐道做题要省时间，尤其是当问题的先后与文章的顺序相吻合时，解题又快又顺手。4.掌握先易后难的原则四篇阅读文章难易程度各异，应首先读自己所熟悉的、感兴趣的短文，先易后难。对于有难度的文章不必紧张，往往是文章难，但问题容易。遇到生词或一时看不懂的语言点时不要

10、停滞不前，而应先做个记号，继续往下读，直到读完全文。如果这些字词和语句是阻碍理解全文的关键，再回过头来通过构词法或上下文猜测词义，通过分析结构推敲语句的语义。这时，基于对全文已有一个较全面的理解,或许可以推测出其语义了。第四章阅读理解202第二节阅读理解题型的解题技巧阅读理解部分成绩的提高，要求考生除了在平时的学习中打好扎实的语言基本功提高阅读能力，考场上合理分配时间、掌握做题的技巧和方法外，认真制订训练计划，加强考前强化训练，更是不可忽视的问题。一、常规阅读选择题的解题技巧先要熟悉阅读理解这部分试题的类型及特点。有的考生读懂了文章却不能正确理解所设定题目的测试要点，其中一个原因就是对试题的类

11、型与特点以及解题方法不够熟悉。本书对各种阅读理解题型的解题特点及技巧做了分析、讲解，并准备了部分专项练习，供考生参考、学习和实践。我们相信，经过一段时间的考前强化训练后，考生的英语阅读理解能力、阅读速度和应试能力都会有一定程度的提高，从而增强取胜的信心和增加获取高分的把握。掌握阅读理解的应试方法与解题技巧应从以下四方面着手：（一）明确一个目的（二）学会两种方法1.略读法2.查阅法（三）注意三个侧重1.侧重首句尾句，首段尾段2.侧重语篇标志词3.侧重长句、难句（四）熟悉五种题型在阅读理解测试中，一般都要求考生理解所读材料的大意，掌握主要事实和相关的具体细节，辨别作者的基本态度和观点，根据相关信息

12、进行一定的推理、判断或引申。根据题目设置目的和做题要求可将阅读理解分为以下五种题型：事实细节题、词语理解题、推理判断题、观点态度题、主旨大意题。1.事实细节题事实细节题主要考查考生正确把握文章具体信息的能力。一般来说，这类试题难度不大，只要考生稍加注意，读懂原文，就能迅速从文章中找出所需的信息。但是考生要注意，在查找信息时，一定要认真理解题意，准确找出问题答案信息的出处，否则就有可能给出错误的答案。事实细节题在阅读理解考试中占的比重较大,第四章阅读理解203其试题的提问方式也没有固定的模式，这一点需要考生在日常学习中多加注意。这类题型常见的提问方式有：According to the pass

13、age.where/when/why/how/who/what/which.The author mentions.Which of the following does the author discuss?Whose suggestion was adopted at the meeting?How did the man carry out the experiment?Which of the following statements is not true/correct?例 1:Injuries es and deaths were relatively less in Los A

14、ngeles because the quakeoccurred at 4：31 a.m.on a holiday,when traffic was light on the citys highways.Inaddition,changes made to the construction codes（条例）in Los Angeles during the last20 years have strengthened（强化）the citys buildings and highways,making them moreresistant to quakes.l.One reason wh

15、y the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparativelylow is thatA.new computers had been installed in the buildingsB.it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highwaysC.large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holidayD.improvements had been made in the constr

16、uction of buildings and highways【精析】D。题干中的reason表明本题是对原因进行提问，所以可定位到原文第一句，because后应是原因。另外,后面的in addition是对前面句子的补充说明，引出了另外一种原因，即“changes made to.have strengthened the citys buildings andhighways.?,故 选 项D正确。2.词语理解题词语理解题考查考生通过上下文线索理解文中单词、短语或句子的能力。它的正确选项必然能够与所考查的单词、短语或句子进行替换，不能回到原文替换的是干扰项。这类题型常见的提问方式有：By

17、”the author means.The phrase in the passage most properly means.The sentence in Para.Xcan be best replaced by.The word.”in Para,xis closest in meaning to.词汇和阅读之间的关系是辨证的:既要读懂又要读得快，就必须具备一定的词汇量;反之要扩大词汇量,就离不开大量的阅读实践。因此，要做好词语理解题，考第四章阅读理解204生必须通过大量阅读扩大词汇量，同时还要学习和掌握一些基本的词义推测方法。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一1.定义法。2.近义复

18、述法。3.对比转折法。例 l:Time is something from which we cant escape.Even if we ignore it,ifs stillgoing by,ticking away,second by second,minute by minute,hour by hour.So the mainissue in using your time well isnWhos in charge.We can allow time to slip by and let itbe our enemy.Or we can take control of it an

19、d make it our ally.1.The underlined word ally most likely means somebody or something that is.A.your slave and serves youB.your supporter and helps youc.under your control and obeys youD.under your influence and follows you【精析】B。根据最后一句中的O r可知,本句与上句之间为对比选择关系。根据倒数第二句中的enemy（敌人）可知,ally表达的是与之相反的含义，意为“（尤

20、指从政者的）盟友，支 持 者 A 项意为“你的奴隶并为你服务”；B 项意为“你的支持者并帮助你”；C 项意为“受你控制并服从于你”；D 项意为“受你影响并追随你”。B项与ally的意思最为接近。故选Bo4.举例法举 例 和 列 举 也 是 常 用 的 词 义 推 测 方 法。举 例 通 常 用 for example,forinstance,like,such as,and so on,that is（to say）例如：The mother is preparing the Christmas dinner.This includes poultry（e.g.chicken,turkey,d

21、uck,goose）for the main course,salads,bread,and vegetables,and features avariety of desserts,such as pies,puddings,and ice cream.【精析】根据第二句中的e.g.可知，e.g.后面是针对poultry所列举的例子,chicken（鸡肉），turkey（火鸡肉），duck（鸭肉），goose（鹅肉）同属于家禽肉。由此可推知,poultry意为“家禽肉例 1:Tom must be very affluent.He wears expensive clothes and je

22、welry,drives aRolls-Royce car,and owns a$1 ,750,000 house in London.1.What does the underlined word affluent mean?A.Poor.B.Rich.C.Hard-working.D.Proud.【精析】B.根据第二句中的 expensive clothes and jewelry,a Rolls-Royce car,a$1,750,000 house可知，汤姆穿昂贵的衣服，戴贵重的珠宝，开劳斯莱斯，还在伦敦拥有一套价值175万美元的住房,这一切都说明汤姆是一个非常富有的人。由此第四章阅读

23、理解 205可推知,affluent意为“富裕的”，四个选项中B 项（富有的）与其意思最为接近。poor：贫穷的，贫寒的；hard-working：作努力的，辛勤的;proud：骄傲的，自豪的。故选 B。3.推理判断题这类题型常见的提问方式有：It can be inferred from the passage that.The passage implies/suggests that.It can be concluded from the passage that.What can we learn from the passage?Which of the following mig

24、ht be discussed after the passage?推理判断的常用方式包括因果推理、归纳推理、关联推理1:At one time,trains were the only practical way to cross the vast areas of the west.Trains were fast,very luxurious,and quite convenient compared to other forms oftransportation existing at the time.However,times change and the automobile b

25、ecameAmericas standard of convenience.Also,air travel had easily established itself as thefastest method of traveling great distances.Therefore,the task for DDB Needham was toencourage consumers to consider other aspects（方面）of train travel in order to changetheir attitudes and increase the likelihoo

26、d that trains would be considered fbr travel in thewest.i.It can be inferred from the passage that the drop in Amtrak（美国铁路公司）ridership was due to the fact that.A.trains were not suitable fbr short distance passenger transportationB.trains were no longer the fastest and most convenient form of transp

27、ortationc.trains were not as fast and convenient as they used to beD.trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience【精析】Bo 根据本段前四句 uAt one time,trains were the only practical way.werefast,very luxurious,and quite convenient 可知，曾经，火车速度很快，并且比其他交通工具方便。然而时代变了，汽车成了便利的标准，飞机成了最快捷的交通

28、工具。由此可推知,乘客人数下降的原因是:现在火车已不是最便利、最快捷的运输方式T o 故选B。4.观点态度题观点态度题主要考查考生理解、领会作者的观点、态度及情感倾向的能力，答案往往比较简单，题目难度不大。在阅读时要注意把握作者的用词、讲问题的角第四章阅读理解206度和倾向，特别是文中能表露作者态度情感的修饰性词语。解题时，可将作者的态度、观点做简单分类:主观或客观、肯定或否定、正面或负面。然后根据这种分类，结合选项的中心词便可迅速判断出正确答案。这类题型常见的提问方式有：Whats the authors attitude to.?Whats the tone of the passage?

29、The tone of the passage can be described as.What is the attitude of the author towards.How does the writer feel about.The author seems to be.例 1：I am not so naive（天真的），however,as to believe that sex is responsiblefor this unfortunate situation of the American woman.I am not a feminist,but I am anind

30、ividualist.I do not believe there is any important difference between men andwomen-certainly not as much as there may be between one woman and another or oneman and another.i.In this passage the author looks on the situation of women with an attitude of.A.amusement B.indifference C.disapproval D.con

31、demnation【精析】Do本段第一句I am not so naive”指出，作者不会天真到认为女性的不幸处境 是性别差异造成的，由此可看出作者的态度非常强硬。amusement意为“愉悦；indifference意为“漠不关心，中立”，均不能表明负面态度，可排除;disapproval意为“不赞成”，语气较弱；condemnation意为“谴责，责备”，语气较强。故选D。5.主旨大意题主旨大意题考查的主要内容包括主题思想、写作意图、段落大意和标题。这类题型常见的提问方式有：Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?The

32、 main idea of the second paragraph is.The major point discussed in the passage is.The best title fbr this passage would be.The authors purpose in writing the passage is.The passage is mainly about.7:The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled,pain free life equals happinessactually reduces t

33、heir chances of ever attaining real happiness.If fun and pleasure areequal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness.But in fact,the opposite istrue:more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain.As a result,many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of tr

34、ue happiness.They fear the第四章阅读理解207pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage,raising children,professionalachievement,religious commitment,and self-improvement.i.What is the author trying to tell us?A.Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain B.One must know how to attainhappiness.C.It i

35、s important to make commitments.D.It is pain that leads to happiness.【精析】Ao 本段第三句 uBut in fact,the opposite is true:more often than not thingsthat lead to happiness involve some pain.”点明了文章主旨，即幸福通常与痛苦相伴，而 A 项与此同义，故选A。一般来讲，主题句通常以下列五种方式出现在文章之中：A.首句主题句彳 列 1：A quick reading of newspapers leads us to one

36、 conclusion.Actualevents are never told us in full detail.Newspapers only tell enough to satisfy those whofinance them.If the newspapers told us what was actually going on in the world,peoplewould be so upset that they might retrain from reading the paper.【精析】上述短文只有四句，却可以分为三个层次:第一句为第一层次，表示主题思想;第 二句为

37、第二层次，点出“one conclusion n的具体内容;第三、四句是第三层次，在同一平面上为第 二句提供理由，从属于第二句。B.尾句主题句例 1:A few years ago it was fashionable to speak of a generation gap,a divisionbetween young people and their elders.Parents complained that children did not showthem proper respect and obedience while children complained that the

38、ir parents did notunderstand them at all.What had gone wrong?Why had the generation gap suddenlyappeared?Actually,the generation gap has been around fbr a long time.It is built intothe fabric of our society.i.The main idea of the paragraph is.A.that the generation gap suddenly appearedB.that the gen

39、eration gap is a feature of the societyc.that parents and children could not understand each otherD.what the generation gap is（精析】Bo本段的主题句为最后一句 It is built into the fabric of our so c ie ty.即“代沟”是我们社会结构的组成部分，选项B 与此同义，故选B。C首尾结合主题句例 1:Good manners are important in all countries,but ways of expressingg

40、ood manners are different from country to country.Americans eat with knives andforks；Japanese eat with chopsticks.Americans say HHiwhen they meet；Japanese第四章阅读理解208bow.Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not.On thesurface,it appears that good manners in America are not good manner

41、s in Japan,and in away this is true.But in any country,the only manners that are important are thoseinvolving one persons behavior toward another person.In all countries it is goodmanners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to.It is only theway of behaving politely that differs

42、 from country to country.【精析】这段文章的首句和尾句都是主题句。这种重复既起了强调文章主题的作用，又起了首尾呼应的作用。D.中间句主题句例 1:There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices.It is called thelaw of supply and demand.Supply means the amount of,or access to,certain goods.Demand represents the number of people who want those good

43、s.If there are more goodsthan wanted,the price of them falls.On the other hand,if the demand for these goods ismuch greater than the supply,then the price rises.Of course,manufacturers prefer to sellmore goods at increased prices.l.The best title for this passage is.A.Economic Principles B.Law of Su

44、pply and DemandC.More Goods,Low Prices D.Fewer Goods,Higher Prices【精析】B。A选项泛指经济规律，面太宽;C、D选项只是对B选项的展开，是它的两个方面，面太窄。只有B选项才是文章自始至终谈论的主题。E.无明显主题句如果文章中没有出现明显的主题句，这就要求考生先通读全文，然后再归纳带有论点段落的要点，最后综合几个要点得出全文主旨。彳 列 1:The Egyptian kingdom was not self-contained but traded widely with theoutside world,using the en

45、ormous surpluses of wheat grown on rich valley soil to profitfrom high prices resulting from famine in various parts of the Mediterranean world.Relations with the neighboring and in some ways similar civilization of Mesopotamiawere always close,though often hostile.Syria and Palestine suffered much

46、in biblicaltimes from the competition of the two world powers of the day,For a long time,Egyptruled over Syria but gradually its power,declined and it was conquered,first by theAssyrians(663 B.C.)and then for a longer term by the Persians(525-332 B.C.).1 .This passage is mainly about.A.the early his

47、tory of Egypt B.wheat trade between Egypt and itsneighborsC.the fall of Egypt D.famine in the Mediterranean world【精析】A。本段的主题思想并非直接由一两个句子表述，而是在文中间接暗示第四章阅读理解209的，这就 需要根据文中细节进行概括与归纳。B、C、D 选项均不是对本段主题的概括。二、阅读填空题及其解题技巧例 1：How to write contact details in your CV?Print your name in large letters at the top

48、of the page.You dont have to write“Curriculum Vitae across the top,as we know what it is,and what we need to know iswho you are.Make it as easy as possible for prospective(未来的)employers to talk to you,soinclude your address,email,and mobile phone number.If you are posting your CV on awebsite,then re

49、member basic web security and just use an email address.You do nothave to include your home phone,and take care with work numbers and emails.You do not need to give any personal information such as date of birth,marital status,disabilities,health and details of parents or children.There is no need t

50、o include aphotograph unless it is requested.How to write contact details in your CVTop of page:1 your name in large lettersItems:to be included:1)22)33)mobile phone numbernot to be included:1)4,such as date of birth2)5 unless it is requested例 2：In Downtown Los Angeles,you will have the opportunity