2023高三二模上海高三英语二模语法填空汇编.pdf

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1、【黄浦区】The cost of complexity in supply chainsAdam Smith,the father of modern capitalism,famously thought that fair markets required acommon moral framework between buyer and seller.Thats no surprise,considering that hisideas came out of the 18th century marketplace,in 21 producers and consumers werel

2、ikely to be neighbours.Advances in technology,transport and communications have taken us along way since then,22(create)complex global supply chains.These23(reduce)consumer prices but introduced risks of their own,from labourexploitation and environmental degradation.One of the costs of these supply

3、 chains has been the rise of powerful corporate middlemenbetween home buyers and sellers.These middlemen,including Big Tech platforms like Amazon,make it possible for us to buy goods made 24 the other side of the world,but thisconnective power is threatening accountability by creating so much separa

4、tion between buyersand sellers 25 it*s impossible to match up with the real cost of convenience and lowprices.There are plenty of examples 26(support)the case,from textiles made with childlabour to the unequal rents taken by middlemen in financial services or platform technology.Inthe latter,lack of

5、 information equality makes it difficult for market participants to have a(n)27(share)understanding of what is being bought and sold.The two big questions are how to create system change and 28 will bear the costof it.There are no simple answers to 29 of the questions,though technology offersnew pos

6、sibilities to connect buyers and sellers.Direct-to-consumer retailers and 3D printing,which 30(allow)for shorter supply chains,are both examples of this,though neithercurrently provides anywhere near the scale to replace current systems of finance ormanufacturing.【闵行区】Humans have been living and wor

7、king on the space station for over 20 years.Their meals arepackaged,though sometimes astronauts receive fresh treats(21)resupply missions.The longer that packaged food is stored,the more(22)may lose nutrients.Astronauts have successfully grown 10 different crops on the space station since 2015 andha

8、d the chance(23)(taste)each one.The International Space Station hosted a partyfor astronauts on Friday as they celebrated the harvest of the first chili peppers(24)(raise)in space.Plant Habitat-04 was one of the most complex plant experiments on the orbiting laboratory(25)peppers took much longer to

9、 grow than the previous experiment plants there.After growing for four months,the peppers(26)(harvest)on Friday.When thevegetables were ready to eat,the astronauts also completed a sensory assessment.They ratedthe flavor;color,appearance,and taste of the produce to see(27)the labor overtheir greens

10、proved fruitful as a supplement to prepackaged space food.Fresh greens,like peppers,provide a great source of key nutrients,which are essential tohuman bodies.Fresh greens also have psychological benefits.They can help to keep morale(士气)and provide a sense of normalcy(正常)on missions(28)all the condi

11、tions aredistinctively different from the earth.Fresh greens make a long-duration mission第1页 共9页(29)(bearable)by providing a taste of home.Looking to the future,the plant experiments have the potential to significantly impact thesustainability of space exploration.They(30),one day,provide a food sou

12、rce forlong-term habitation of Mars and other planets.【长宁区】Swimmers enjoy cold swimsMany people enjoy swimming in icy cold water.An open-air swimming pool,(21)(know)as a lido,in Bedfordshire,England,proved very popular this winter.TheWoburn Lido is usually open from May to September;but this year it

13、 stayed open to swimmersthroughout the autumn and winter months too.(22)the lockdown for England was announced on 4 January,outdoor pools wereallowed to remain open.Demand has taken us by surprise/said Murray Heining,a volunteer atthe Woburn Lido.Over Christmas and New Year;the lido had to offer ext

14、ra openings to keep upwith the demand from swimmers.Cold-water swimming(23)(grow)in popularity in the UK over the past few years.A survey found that 7.5 million people in England had swum in outdoor pools,as well as lakes,rivers and the sea,in 2018.In some areas,such as the river Wharfe in Yorkshire

15、,this new trendhas made environmental groups think more about(24)the water is cleared ofpollution and clean enough for bathers.Some people make it a regular practice;(25)just enjoy a refreshing dip onChristmas Day,Boxing Day or New Years Day.Every year around the UK,people(26)(photograph)plunging in

16、to icy water,often in fancy dress,and the recent festiveperiod was no exception,(27)freezing temperatures.The Outdoor Swimming Society classifies temperatures below 6 as Baltic and from 6-11as freezing.They advise people to get in the water gradually,so as(28)(not shock)the body.Likewise,they recomm

17、end warming up gradually,and not(29)(rush)theprocess by leaping into a hot bath when you get out.Instead,they suggest layering up anddrinking something warm.It wasnt just the water that was cold-many people experienced a white Christmas;snowfell in several counties including Yorkshire and Suffolk.Pa

18、ul Davies,the UK Met Offices chiefmeteorologist,a scientist(30)job is to study the weather,said the forecast indicatesthe likelihood of the cold conditions experienced recently continuing through January.【金山】OpenAI Announces ChatGPT Successor GPT-4OpenAI has released GPT-4,the latest version of its

19、hugely popular artificial intelligencechatbot ChatGPT.The new model can respond to images by providing recipe suggestions from photos ofingredients as well as writing captions and descriptions.It can also process up to 25,000 words,about eight times as many as ChatGPT.Millions of people have used Ch

20、atGPT since it(21)(launch)in November 2022.Popular requests for it include writing songs,poems,marketing copy,computer code,and helping with homework,(22)teachers saystudents shouldnt use it.ChatGPT answers questions(23)(employ)natural第2页 共9页human-like language,and it can also imitate other writing

21、styles such as songwriters and authors,using the Internet as its knowledge database.There n(e concerns that it could one day take over many jobs currectly(24)(do)by humans.OpenAI said it(25)(spend)six months on safety features for GPT-4,andon human feedback.However,it warned that it(26)still be subj

22、ect to sharingdisinformation.GPT-4 will initially be available to ChatGPT Plus subscribers,(27)pay$20 permonth for easy access to the service.Its already powering Microsofts Bing search engineplatform.The tech giant has invested$10b(28)OpenAI.GPT-4 has(29)(advanced)reasoning skills than ChatGPX Open

23、AI said.Themodel can,for example,find available meeting times for three schedules.OpenAI also announced new partnerships with language learning app Duolingo and Be MyEyes,an application for the visually impaired,(30)(create)Al Chatbots which canassist their users using natural language.However,like

24、its predecessors(被替代的事物).Open Al has warned that GPT-4 is still notfully reliable and it may invent facts or make reasoning errors.【虹 口区】Why we should record travel momentsThroughout my travels,I have come in search of a sound,not a sight.Just as some travellers take photos of landscapes or their fo

25、od,I started collecting soundrecordings as an unusual and artistic way to help me remember some of the most stimulatingdetails of my trips.Ive found that(21)(listen)back to these recordings,Im able torecall each place and moment in a different way than I can by scrolling through images.It turnsout t

26、hat this may be(22)our brains remember sound differently than other types ofsenses.According to Dr James Giordano,a professor at Georgetown University Medical Center;ourbrains process information and turn it into memories by receiving it(23)our senses,encoding it and storing it-much like a computer.

27、When we receive information and encode it,itis fairly short-term in nature;but when(24)(store),it becomes long-term memory.The information we receive and process with our ears(25)(call)echoic memory(回 声 记 忆).Think of the brain as a space and time machine.It allows us(26)(transport)ourselves back and

28、 forward in time,across spaces.Giordano said.Echoic memory is exactly as the name would imply:it is,in fact,an echo of something that(27)(occur).According to a study at the University of Iowa named In one ear and out the other,a groupof students participated in two experiments in(28)they listened to

29、 sounds,lookedat images and held objects.In the first experiment,students were asked to recall(29)various stim(刺激物)were the same or different after a set period of time.Inthe second,they were asked to recall the sounds,images and objects after an hour,a day andthen a week.In(30)of the instances,stud

30、ents recollection of sound was far worsethan their visual memories,and the longer the time passed by,the greater the gap became.【松 江 区】第3页 共9页A Short Stretch Before BedMany people may struggle to sleep.I have found one small change that all of us could makeand truly works:a short stretch before bed.

31、Studies have shown that low-level physical activities(21)use gentle stretching,like yoga or tai chi,help with sleep quality.And(22)it is good to stretch anytime ofday,a gentle and quiet routine before bed works best to help send a signal to the brain that it isnow time for sleep.Most importantly,str

32、etching doesnt require money.There(23)(be)plenty ofexercise apps for you to buy or subscribe to,and they all have guiding routines.I have found thatthe subscription-based app Sweat and Centr has good,short routines and clear instructions(24)(improve)your form.There are countless personal trainers an

33、d yoga instructorson the Internet who have been giving free classes to people(25)(stick)at home.Yogafrom Adriene is the best known,(26)a huge library of videos available.If you*d ratherperfect your technique in person,you(27)also find free yoga and tai chi lessons inyour local community and take tho

34、se lessons home.And of course,(28)works for you will depend on your current physical state.Ive seen women in(29)80s who could do a cartwheel(侧手翻)over my poor,suffering body.So clearly I am no expert,but I(30)(stretch)right before bed since lastyear and have found that I always sleep better on the ni

35、ghts that I do it.【宝山区】Wow.what a beautiful girl!you think to yourself.Today,you logged into Facebook andsaw a friend request from a lovely stranger.You think that she must be a model(21)all of her photos look very professional.She doesnt have many friends,butmaybe shes just new to Facebook.You may(

36、22)(tempt)to accept her request andsay hello,but youd better think twice because you might get catfished!Catfishing is an online cheat(23)someone on a social media platform pretendsto be someone theyre not.The word was made popular by a 2010 documentary film with thesame name.Just like in the movie,

37、most catfishing cheats start with the catfish(24)(try)to sweet talk their victim into falling in love with them.Why?There are avariety of reasons people catfish.Some catfish attempt(25)(charm)their victim into trusting them,and then askthem for money.Others will ask for sensitive information or priv

38、ate pictures(26)theycan then use them to Blackmail(敲诈)their victims into sending them money.But in somesituations,catfish are just lonely people,(27)(dissatisfy)with their lives and usingsocial media to live in an alternate reality.On social media,its possible to remain anonymous(匿 名 的)even after yo

39、u(28)(start)building a relationship with someone.According to the Better BusinessBureau in the U.S.,around 85 percent of catfishing schemes start on Facebook and the FacebookDating service.In 2021 as the pandemic pushed many to search for love online,romanceschemes,such as catfishing,rose(29)80 perc

40、ent compared to 2020.These cheats costvictims around$1.3 billion in losses and left many with psychological and emotional damage.The internet is a wonderful tool that allows users to learn new things,play games and meetinteresting people.However,everyone(30)be careful of the catfish who hide in the第

41、4页 共9页shadows.If someone seems too good to be true,they probably are!【浦东新区】Emily Dobek is a seventh-grader at East Prairie Elementary School.Recently she(21)(win)a national prize by designing a space station for travelling to Mars.Dobek traces her interest in space and the universe back(22)Grade Thr

42、ee whenshe and her father watched a blood moon-a total lunar eclipse(月 食)-on the roof of their house.She says that night watching the lunar eclipse awakened her passion(23)has yet torun out of fuel.So(24)her teacher,Andrew Smeeton,received information about the nationalchallenge,she immediately had

43、one student in mind.I knew she would love the challenge and that she would go way beyond in her research,Smeeton said.When she started,bone density(骨密度)of astronauts(25)(research)immediately to figure out how to survive on Mars.”According to Dobeks design,the Mars Storage Station(MSS)will be built(2

44、6)(accommodate)the need for sufficient supplies.She explains how herspacecraft-the Adventure-will be joined to a space station before flying to the MSS to loadsupplies.Her design includes the Self Growing Farm,and she details(27)it wouldwork with elements on Mars.Then there is physical and leisure a

45、ctivity for the astronauts under Dobeks design.Asimulator(模拟器)allows astronauts to choose their exercise machine and virtual realityenvironment.Rooms with circular ceilings allow astronauts to w a t c h(2 8)(d o w n lo a d)shows and even see places on Earth,such as their homes.Chief among her immedi

46、ate goals,she said,is to inspire(29)with this project.I want to tell other kids to follow their passions/Dobek said,“(30)they want to do,they should kind of just push for it.They should always try their best.【青浦区】A New Orchid was Found in JapanNature is full of secrets.There are still many things to

47、 find out about it.One of those thingswas discovered last week in Japan.It is rare to find a new plant in Japan.An amateur naturalistcame across a new species of orchid 21 other flowers in Tokyo.Scientists also foundthe flower elsewhere in other districts,an indication that the new species 22 deserv

48、efurther investigation.The newly-found orchid is beautiful.It is pink and white,it has a central stem,around23 grow tiny,bell-shaped flowers,and its delicate petals(花瓣)look like they aremade from glass.The flower is a neighbor to a(n)24(relate)orchid species commonin Japan.Sometimes unknown species

49、are often living right under our noses-in parks,gardens andeven in planters on balconies.Thats 25 researchers in Japan recently recognized thisnew species of orchid.Professor Kenji Suetsugu from Kobe University said the discovery of newspecies in usual places means it is necessary to keep exploring,

50、even in everyday places that26(not look)so remarkable.There are about 28,000 orchid species worldwide.The new orchid belongs to a class called第5页 共9页Spiranthes.There are about 50 different kinds of Spiranthes.They are 27(familiar)kind of orchid in Japan,for they appeared in a Japanese poem dating to