考研英语考前三套题(三).pdf

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1、考研英语模拟三Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In the United States,the first day nursery,was opened in 1854.Nurseries were established invarious areas during the 1 half of the 19th cen

2、tury；most of 2 were charitable.Both in Europe and inthe U.S.,the day nursery movement received great 3during the First World War,when4ofmanpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented?numbers of women.In someEuropean countries nurseries were established5in munitions plants,under direct go

3、vernmentsponsorship.6the number of nurseries in the U.S.also rose?,this rise was accomplished withoutgovernment aid of any kind.During the years following the First World War,8,Federal,State,and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control9the day nurseries,chieflyby 1 Othem an

4、d by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.Thel lof the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of daynurseries in almost all countries,as women were!2called upon to replace men in the factories.Onthisl3the U.S.government immediately came to the sup

5、port of the nursery schools,14$6,000,000in July,1942,for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers.Many States andlocal communities 15this Federal aid.By the end of the war,in August,1945,more than 100,000 children were being cared 16in day care centers receiving Federal 17.Soon a

6、fterward,theFederal government 18cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later 19them,causing a sharpdrop in the number of nursery schools in operation.However,the expectation that most employedmothers would leave their20at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.l.A latterBlateC otherDf

7、irst2.A those Bthem C1 whose Dwhom3.AJimpetus BJ input CJimitation Dinitiative4.A sources(B abundance Cshortage Dreduction5.AJ hardly B entirely Conly Deven6.A Because B AsCSince DAlthough7.AJ unanimously Bsharply Cpredominantly DJmilitantly8.A therefore Bconsequently Chowever Dmoreover9.AJ over LBJ

8、in Cat Dabout10.A formulating Blabeling Cpatenting Dlicensing11.A outset Boutbreak CJbreakthrough Dbreakdown12.A again Bthus Crepeatedly Dyet13.A circumstance BJoccasion Ccase Dsituation14.A regulating Bsummoning Callocating Dltransferring15.A expanded Bfacilitated Csupplemented Dcompensated16.Aby B

9、after Cof Dfor17.AJ pensions|Bsubsidies CJrevenues Dbudgets18.Aprevalently Bfuriously Cstatistically Ddrastically19.Aabolished Bdiminished Cjeopardized Dprecluded20.(A nurseries Bhomes CJjobs DchildrenSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions

10、 below each text by choosing A,B,C orD.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)TextlHuman relations have commanded people s attention from early times.The ways of peoplehave been recorded in innumerable myths,folktales,novels,poems,plays,and popular orphilosophical essays.Although the full si

11、gnificance of a human relationship may not be directly evident,thecomplexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great.For thisreason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences.Intuitive“knowledge may beremarkably penetrating and can significantly he

12、lp us understand human behavior,whereas in thephysical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive.If we erased all knowledgeof scientific physics from our modem world,not only would we not have cars and television sets,we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope w

13、ith the fundamental mechanicalproblems of pulleys and levers.On the other hand,if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world,problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before,wewould still“know”how to avoid doing something asked of us and

14、how to get someone to agreewith us；we would still“know when someone was angry and when someone was pleased.Onecould even offer sensible explanations fbr the“whys of much of the selfs behavior and feelings.In other words,the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and ofoth

15、er people which,though unformulated or only vaguely conceived,enables one to interact withothers in more or less adaptive ways.Kohler,in referring to the lack of great discoveries inpsychology as compared with physics,accounts for this by saying that upeople were acquaintedwith practically all terri

16、tories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientificpsychology.Paradoxically,with all this natural intuitive,commonsense capacity to grasp human relations,the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop.Different explanations of thisparadox have been suggested.One i

17、s that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusionspeople have about themselves；but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic,debunking writings,from Ecclesiastes to Freud.It has also been proposed that just because weknow so much about people intuitively,there has been

18、less incentive fbr studying themscientifically；why should one develop a theory,carry out systematic observations,or makepredictions about the obvious?In any case,the field of human relations,with its vast literarydocumentation but meager scientific treatment,is in great contrast to the field of phys

19、ics in whichthere are relatively few nonscientific books.21.Why did the author say that“psychology holds a unique position among the scien ces?AJ Commonsense understanding of human relations can be incisive.fB Subjective bias is difficult to control in psychological research.C Intuitive knowledge in

20、 the physical sciences is relatively advanced.DJ The full meaning of a human relationship may not be obvious.22.According to the passage,it has been suggested that the science of human relations wasslow to develop becauseA early scientists were more interested in the physical worldB scientific studi

21、es of human relations appear to investigate the obviousC the scientific method is difficult to apply to the study of human relationsDJ people generally seem to be more attracted to literary than to scientific writings abouthuman relations23.It can be inferred that for people before the advent of sci

22、entific psychology the authorwould most likely agree with.A Their understanding of human relations was quite limitedB They were uninterested in acquiring knowledge of the physical worldC They misunderstood others more frequently than do people todayfDl Their intuitions about human relations were rea

23、sonably sophisticated24.It can be inferred that the author assumes that commonsense knowledge of human relationsis.A equally well developed among all adults within a given societyB considerably more accurate in some societies than in othersC biased insofar as it is based on myths and folktalesD usua

24、lly sufficiently accurate to facilitate interactions with others25.The author s attitude to treat human relations scientifically is relatively.A uninterested?B uninterruptible C pessimistic?D encouragingText2Every country with a monetary system of its own has to have some kind of market in whichdeal

25、ers in bills,notes,and other forms of short term credit can buy and sell.The“moneymarker“is a set of institutions or arrangements for handling what might be called wholesaletransactions in money and short term credit.The need for such facilities arises in much the sameway that a similar need does in

26、 connection with the distribution of any of the products of adiversified economy to their final users at the retail level.If the retailer is to provide reasonablyadequate service to his customers,he must have active contacts with others who specialize inmaking or handling bulk quantities of whatever

27、 is his stock in trade.The money market ismade up of specialized facilities of exactly this kind.It exists for the purpose of improving theability of the retailers of financial services commercial banks,savings institutions,investmenthouses,lending agencies,and even governments to do their job.It ha

28、s little if any contact withthe individuals or firms who maintain accounts with these various retailers or purchase theirsecurities or borrow from them.The elemental functions of a money market must be performed in any kind of modemeconomy,even one that is largely planned or socialist,but the arrang

29、ements in socialist countriesdo not ordinarily take the form of a market.Money markets exist in countries that use marketprocesses rather than planned allocations to distribute most of their primary resources amongalternative uses.The general distinguishing feature of a money market is that it relie

30、s upon opencompetition among those who are bulk suppliers of funds at any particular time and among thoseseeking bulk funds,to work out the best practicable distribution of the existing total volume ofsuch funds.In their market transactions,those with bulk supplies of funds or demands for them,rely

31、ongroups of intermediaries who act as brokers or dealers.The characteristics of these middlemen,theservices they perform,and their relationship to other parts of the financial vary widely fromcountry to country.In many countries there is no single meeting place where the middlemen gettogether,yet in

32、 most countries the contacts among all participants are sufficiently open and free toassure each supplier or user of funds that he will get or pay a price that fairly reflects all of theinfluences(including his own)that are currently affecting the whole supply and the wholedemand.In nearly all cases

33、,moreover,the unifying force of competition is reflected at any givenmoment in a common price(that is,rate of interest)for similar transactions.Continuousfluctuations in the money market rates of interest result from changes in the pressure of availablesupplies of funds upon the market and in the pu

34、ll of current demands upon the market.26.The first paragraph is mainly about.A the definition of money marketB the constitution of a money marketC the basic functions of a money marketDJ the general feature of a money market27.According to this passage,the money market.A provides convenient services

35、 to its customersB has close contact with the individuals or firms seeking fundsC maintains accounts with various retailers of financial servicesfD is made up of institutions who specialize in handling wholesale monetary transactions28.Which of the following statements concerning money market is not

36、 true according to thispassage?A Money market does not exist in planned economies.fB Money market has been established in some socialist countries.C Money market encourages open competition among bulk suppliers of funds.fD Money market relies upon market processes to distribute funds to final users.

37、29.The author uses the example of middleman to show.A market transactions are important in different countriesB dealers are needed in doing businessC middlemen can play great role in different transactions and different countriesDJ middlemen in different countries have different actions in business3

38、0.According to this passageA brokers usually perform the same kinds of services to their customersBl brokers have little contact with each otherC open competition tends to result in a common price for similar transactions at any givenmomentDJ changes in the pressure of available supplies of funds up

39、on market tends to maintain acommon price for similar transactionsText3It is one thing to formulate a good scientific problem；it is quite another matter to solve it.Only a small proportion of all the research projects that are started arrive at really significant results.Many fail to get any results

40、 at all.Others produce results that are later shown to be invalid.Of thosethat finally survive the successive stages of critical assessment and accreditation,the vast majorityis of great scientific interest.Scientific progress is not made by the accumulation of routine research results；it is made by

41、important scientific discoveries.This is another notion that calls for careful philosophical analysis.It certainly cannot be defined without reference to its content.In common usage,the word carrieswith it an air of surprise.An investigation that arrives at exactly the result we expected can scarcel

42、ybe referred to as a discovery：the information obtained must add to,or significantly change,whatwe already know.In other words,it has to be considered in relation to a particular frame ofexisting knowledge.Scientific discoveries,like scientific problems,have to be located in relation to scientificsp

43、ecialties.We automatically judge a discovery to be important or significant as soon as we see thatit has implications for an extensive set of existing problems over a wide range of specialties.Theother contributions to this meeting will undoubtedly show that this basic epistemological principleappli

44、es in almost all scholarly disciplines.It obviously underlies the practice of using citation countsas indicators of the quality of scientific papers anti their authors.This is not of course,a Reliableindex of the value of a particular contribution to knowledge,but it accords closely with the way inw

45、hich all scientists think about the progress of their subjects.But the specialty to which a particular discovery related is not necessarily that from which itoriginated.As every scientist knows from experience,an investigation that was undertaken tosolve problem X very often produces the answer to s

46、ome rater different problem Y.Columbus setsail for China,and came upon America.Copernicus set out to improve the calendar,anddiscovered that the Earth goes round the Sun.It is not so much that many scientific discoveries areserendipitous：it is that they can have implications for quite a different se

47、t of problems than wasoriginally foreseen.Those philosophers who are scornful of what Kuhn called normal science have tended to seeits sole outcome as the accumulation of minor discoveries that have little effect outside the fields orsub fields in which they were made.They tend,therefore,to concentr

48、ate on those boldhypotheses or experiments whose initial problem frame extends over a whole disciplineWageners theory of Continental Drift,for example,or the contemporary experiments to test nonlocality and/or causality in quantum physics.But an important discovery that can eventuallyrevolutionize 1

49、00 specialties may arise out of the investigation of a very unimportant problem.Remember that quantum physics itself began in the narrow specialty of theoretical statisticalmechanics,as a fudged solution to the problem of calculating the amount of light produced by ared hot object,and that all the s

50、ciences and technologies that use the nuclear transformations ofmatter arose from the peculiar phenomenon of radioactivity observed in a few uncommon minerals.31.The first sentence of this passage means that.A it is usually very easy to pose a good scientific problemB it is rather difficult to solve