1980—2016历考研英语真题及答案.doc

《1980—2016历考研英语真题及答案.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《1980—2016历考研英语真题及答案.doc（837页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、19802016年历年考研英语真题集含答案目 录2016年全国硕士研究生考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends

2、,_1_thoseoftheyoungwoman,butalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan_2_alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiations,ortheyoungmansparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4,agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselected,eachfamilyinvestig

3、atestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.Formerlyitlastedthreedays,_7_bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand_8_prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonythebridesandgroomswrists,and10acandlearoundacircleofhap

4、pilyinwiththewifesparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear,13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto14,butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachsprouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriage,andjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarry,butagenderprejudice19u

5、p:Thedivorcedmaledoesnthaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1.Abywayof Bonbehalfof Caswellas Dwithregardto2.Aadaptto Bprovidefor Ccompetewith Ddecideon3.Aclose Brenew Carrange Dpostpone4.AAbove all BIntheory CIntime DForexample5.AAlthough BLest CAfter DUnless6.Ainto Bwithi

6、n Cfrom Dthrough7.Asince Bbut Cor Dso8.Acopy Btest Crecite Dcreate9.Afolding Bpiling Cwrapping Dtying10.Apassing Blighting Chiding Dserving11.Ameeting Bcollection Cassociation Dunion12.Agrow Bpart Cdeal Dlive13.Awhereas Buntil Cif Dfor14.Aobtain Bfollow Cchallenge Davoid15.Aisolated Bpersuaded Cview

7、ed Dexposed16.Awhatever Bhowever Cwhenever Dwherever17.Achanged Bbrought Cshaped Dpushed18.Awithdrawn Binvested Cdonated Ddivided19.Abreaks Bwarms Cshows Dclears20.Aso Bwhile Conce DinthatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each

8、text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France,whichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashion,hasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultr

9、a-thinmodelsonrunaways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthat“inciteexcessivethinness”bypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfroms

10、tarvingthemselvestodeath-assomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomen,especiallyteenagegirls,aboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebans,iffullyenforced,wouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbiter

11、softheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintly,theyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasures,however,relytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deep-andbone-showing.Underthelaw,usi

12、ngafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85,000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmark,theUnitedStates,andafewothercountries,itistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsformodelsandf

13、ashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactions,Denmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheage,health,andothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:“Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefas

14、hionindustryhasonbodyideals,especiallyonyoungpeople.”ThechartersmaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW),whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shamemethodofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddres

15、sthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whatwouldhappeninFrance?ANewrunwayswouldbeconstructed.BPhysicalbeautywouldberedefined.CWebsitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.DThefashionindust

16、rywoulddecline.22.Thephrase“impingingon”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto .Aheighteningthevalueof.Bindicatingthestateof.Closingfaithin.Ddoingharmto.23.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustry?ANewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.BTheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.CModelsarenolongerunderpeerpress

17、ure.DItsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor .Apursuingperfectphysicalconditions.Bcaringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacter.Cshowinglittleconcernforhealthfactors.Dsettingahighagethresholdformodels.25.Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetext?AAChallengetotheFashio

18、nIndustrysBodyIdealsBADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceCJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyDTheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText 2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,Shak

19、espeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheyc

20、ouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hillspressureslaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydontmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservativesplanningreformexplicitly

21、givesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-plan”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,h

22、assidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsCampaigntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleare,incitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyiden

23、tifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathat“housingcrisis”equals“concretedmeadows”ispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underlobbypressure,GeorgeOsbornefavoursrura

24、lnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Dev

25、elopmentshouldbeplanned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEuropesmostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherence,whilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.ThereisnodoubtofthealternativethecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugal,SpainorIreland.A

26、voidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.Britainspublicsentimentaboutthecountryside .AdidntstarttilltheShakespeareanage.BhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHS.Cisfullybackedbytheroyalfamily.Disnotwellreflectedinpolitics.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievementsofthe

27、NationalTrustarenowbeing_.Agraduallydestroyed.Beffectivelyreinforced.Clargelyovershadowed.Dproperlyprotected.28.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?ALabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.BTheConservativesmayabandon“off-plan”building.CTheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.DUki

28、pmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornespreference_.Ahighlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressure.Bshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareas.Cstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisis.Drevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas.30.Inthelastparagraph,theauthors

29、howshisappreciationof_.AthesizeofpopulationinBritain.BthepoliticallifeintodaysBritain.CtheenviableurbanlifestyleinBritain.Dthetown-and-countryplanninginBritain.Text 3“Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,”wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist“Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengag

30、einactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.”ButevenifyouacceptFiedmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholdersmoney,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.Thelarges

31、tfirmsisAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm,Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thatacompanysproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsasanindirect

32、waytodonatetothegoodcausesishelps.Andthird,throughamorediffuse“haloeffect,”wherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.Arecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberypros

33、ecutionsunderAmericasForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.Thestudyfoundthat,amongprosecutedfirms,thosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theiran

34、alysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmspoliticalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:Companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseentoinfluencedbyacompa

35、nysrecordinCSR.Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,saysoneresearcher.Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhow

36、muchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasthavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwin Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosec

37、utorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseentoinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR.Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,sa

38、ysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffect,ratherthantheotherpossiblebenefits,whentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasthavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewithth

39、elaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwin themalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwith .AtoleranceBskepticismCuncertaintyDapproval32.AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelpsacompany .Alwinningtrustfromconsumers.Bguardingitagainstmalpractices.Cprotectingitfrombeingdefamed.Draisingthequalityofitsproducts.33.Theexpressionmorelenient(Line2,Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto .Almoreeffective.