阅读理解（科普技术）.pdf

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1、2 0 1 2高 考 试 题】1.2012 全 国 II（E）Make Up Your Mind to SucceedKind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure.Thegeneration born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performancewere played down because“everyones winner/And their report card

2、s sounded more positive（正 面 的）than ever before.As a result,Stanford University professor Carol Dweck,PhD,calls them“the overpraised generation/7Dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years.Her research has led herto find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effe

3、ct on how we react to it.Hereshow they work:A fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent（才 能）is genetic-youre a born artist,point guard,or numbers person.The fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without mucheffort and regards failure as personal shame.When things get difficult,its q

4、uick to blame,lie,and even stay away from future difficulties.On the other hand,a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent andthat effort and learning make everything possible.Because the ego（自 尊）isnt on the line asmuch,the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than

5、shame.When faced with adifficulty,its quick to rethink,change and try again.In fact,it enjoys this experience.We are all born with growth mind-sets.（Otherwise,we wouldnt be able to live in the world.）But parents,teachers,and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certainaction

6、s and misdirecting praise.Dwecks book,Mind-set:The New Psychology of Success,andonline instructional program explain this in depth.But she says there are many little things youcan start doing today to make sure that your children,grandchildren and even you are neverdefeated by failure.【文 章 大 意】本 文 是

7、 一 篇 科 学 调 查 报 告。斯 坦 福 大 学 教 授 Dweck经 过 4 0年 的 调 查 研 究 认 为 人 们 对 待 失 败 有 两 种 不 同 的 思 维 模 式，这 两 种 思 维 模 式 对 我 们 如 何 对 待 失 败 有 很 大 的 影 响。第 种 是 有 固 定 思 维 模 式 的 人，他 们 认 为 才 能 是 天 牛.的，成 功 不 需 要 努 力 而 失 败 是 耻 辱。他 们 逃 避 未 来 的困 难。第 二 种 是 具 有 成 长 思 维 模 式 的 人，他 们 认 为 才 能 不 是 天 生 的，努 力 和 学 习 使 一 切 成 为 可 能。向 失

8、败 学 习 并 把 它 看 作 成 长 的 经 历。57.What does the author think about the present generation?A.They dont do well at school.B.They are often misunderstood.C.They are eager to win in sports.D.They are given too much praise.【答 案】D【解 析】根 据 第 一 段 中 的;professor Carol Dweck,PhD,calls them the overpraised generatio

9、n/”可 知：他 们 被 表 扬 的 太 多 了。【考 点 定 位】考 查 作 者 观 点 和 看 法.58.A fixed mind-set person is probably one w ho_.A.doesn/t want to work hardB.cares a lot about personal safetyC.cannot share his ideas with othersD.can succeed with the help of teachers【答 案】A【解 析】根 据 文 章 第 三 段 中 的 The fixed mind-set believes its s

10、ure to succeed without mucheffort a nd regards failure as personal shame”可 知：他 相 信 成 功 但 不 想 付 出 努 力.【考 点 定 位】考 查 判 断 推 理。59.What does the growth mind-set believe?A.Admitting failure is shameful.B.Talent comes with ones birth.C.Scores should be highly valued.D.Getting over difficulties is enjoyable.

11、【答 案】D【解 析】根 据 文 章 第 四 段 中 的 the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame.When faced with a difficulty its quick to rethink,change and try again.In fact,it enjoys thisexperience/,可 知 D 正 确。【考 点 定 位】考 查 判 断 推 理。60.What should parents do for their children based on Dwecks study?A.Enc

12、ourage them to learn from failures.B.Prevent them from making mistakes.C.Guide them in doing little things.D.Help them grow with praise.喀 案】A【解 析】根 据 文 章 的 最 后 一 句 But she says there are many little things you can start doingtoday to make sure that your children,grandchildren and even you are never

13、defeated byfailure.可 知 A 正 确.【考 点 定 位】考 查 判 断 推 理.2.12 012四 川 卷】AOn a hill 600 feet above the surrounding land,we watch the lines of rain move across thescene,the moon rise over the hills,and the stars appear in the sky.The views invite a long lookfrom a comfortable chair in front of the wooden hous

14、e.Every window in our wooden house has a view,and the forest and lakes seldom look thesame as the hour before.Each look reminds us where we are.There is space for our three boys to play outside,to shoot arrows,collect tree seeds,buildearth houses and climb trees.Our kids have learned the names of th

15、e trees,and with the names have come familiarity andappreciation.As they tell all who show even a passing interest,maple（枫 树）makes the bestfighting sticks and white pines are the best climbing trees.The air is clean and fresh.The water from the well has a pleasant taste,and it is perhaps thehealthie

16、st water our kids will ever drink.Though they have one glass a day of juice and the rest iswater;they never say anything against that.The seasons change just outside the door.We watch the maples turn every shade of yellowand red in the fall and note the poplars（杨 树）putting out the first green leaves

17、 of spring.Therainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears,and the wood frogs start tosing in pools after being frozen for the winter.A family of birds rules our skies and flies over thelake.41.What can be learned from Paragraph 2?A.The scenes are colorful and changeable.B.The

18、re are many windows in the wooden house.C.The views remind us that we are in a wooden house.D.The lakes outside the windows are quite different in color.42.By mentioning the names of the trees,the author aims to show t h a t.A.the kids like playing in treesB.the kids are very familiar with treesC.th

19、e kids have learned much knowledgeD.the kids find trees useful learning tools43.What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?A.The change of seasons is easily felt.B.The seasons make the scenes change.C.The weather often changes in the forest.D.The door is a good position to enjoy ch

20、anging seasons.44.What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?A.To describe the beauty of the scene around the house.B.To introduce her childrens happy life in the forest.C.To show that living in the forest is healthful.D.To share the joy of living in the nature.【本 文 要 点】本 文 描 述 了 作 者 与

21、家 人 身 居 大 自 然 怀 抱 中 切 身 的 美 丽 感 受.文 章 主 要 展 示 了 作 者 居 住 环 境 的 大 自 然 的 美 景 和 在 此 美 景 怀 抱 中 生 活 的 恨 意 之 情.41.A 推 理 判 断 题。本 段 中 提 到，每 个 窗 户 都 会 有 一 个 不 同 的 风 景，森 林 和 湖 泊 与 一 小 时 之 前 所 见 到 的 都 不 一 样.据 此 可 知，作 者 身 居 的 环 境 是 多 彩 和 变 换 的.故 选 A.42.C 推 理 判 断 题.根 据 第 四 段 话 中“Our kias have learnec rhe names of

22、 the trees.”As theytell all.white pines are the best climbing trees”可 知 孩 子 们 已 经 了 解 了 关 于 周 围 环 境 包 括 树 在 内 的 很 多 知 识.故 答 案 选 C.43.A 推 理 判 断 题。划 线 部 分 的 字 面 意 思 为：季 节 就 在 门 外 变 化 着。再 根 据 本 段 对 于 周 围 大自 然 的 变 化 的 描 述 可 知，作 者 身 处 此 地，能 够 很 容 易 地 感 觉 到 季 节 的 变 换。故 答 案 为 A。44.D 推 理 判 断 题。此 题 推 测 文 章 写

23、 作 目 的。通 读 全 文，不 难 了 解，作 者 是 与 我 们 读 者 分 享 他 身 居 大 自 然 的 快 乐 生 活。故 答 案 为 D。3.2 0 1 2辽 宁 卷】DInside the pleasingly fragrant cafe,So All May Eat(SAME)in downtown Denver,the spirit of generosity(慷 慨)is instantly noticeable:A donation box stands in place of a cash register.Customers here pay only what th

24、ey can afford,no questions asked.A risky business plan,perhaps,but SAME Cafe has done one unchangeable thing in the Mile High City for six years:Open only at midday,the restaurant provides poor local can instead volunteer as waiters and waitresses,and dishwashers,or took after the buildings and equi

25、pment for the cafe.Its based on trust,and its working all right”,says co-owner Brad Birky,who started the cafe in2006.With his wife Libby.Previously volunteering at soup kitchens,the Birkys were dissatisfied with the often unhealthy meals they served there.Z/We wanted to offer quality food in a rest

26、aurantwhere everyone felt comfortable regardless of their circumstances/Birky says.SAMES special lunch menu changes daily and most food materials are natural and grown by local farmers.The cafe now averages 65 to 70 customers(and eight volunteers)a day.And the spirit of generosity behind the project

27、 appears to be spreading.In early 2007,one volunteer who had cleared snow for hismeals during the long winter said goodbye to the Birkys/He said he was going to New Orleans to help with the hurricane clear up/says Birky.68.What can we learn about the soup kitchens theBirkys previously worked for?68.

28、What can we learn about the soup kitchens the Birkys previously worked for?A.They refused to have volunteers.B.They offered low quality food.C.They provided customers with a good environment.D.They closed down because of poor management.69.According to the passage,which of the following is TRUE?A.Th

29、e customers who cannot pay can word as volunteers in stead.B.More volunteers will go to new Orleans for the hurricane cleanup.C.Many new cafes will be opened to offer free lunches in the town.D.The lunch menu has remained the same since the cafe was started.70.The authors attitude towards running su

30、ch a cafe isA.unfavorableB.approvingC.doubtfulD.cautious【考 点】日 常 生 活 类 一 记 叙 文【文 章 大 意】本 文 向 我 们 介 绍 了 SA M E C a fe的 经 营 模 式。68.【答 案】B【试 题 解 析】细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 三 段 第 二 句 P re vio u sly vo lunteerin g at soup k i tchens,the B irky s were d is s a t is fie d wi th the of ten unhealthy mea1s they serve

31、d there.M可 知，他 们 是 对 向 他 们 提 供 的 不 健 康 的 食 物 不 满 意，所 以 选 民【难 度】一 般 6 9.【答 案】A【试 题 解 析】判 断 正 误 题。根 据 第 二 段 第 三 句 Those unable co pay fo r chei r meals caninstead volunteer as w aiters and wai tresses,and dishwashers,or look a fte r theb u ild in g s and equipment fo r the C a f/那 些 付 不 起 钱 的 人 可 以 代

32、替 志 愿 者 做 服 务 员，或 洗 碗 工，或 看 楼 和 设 备。可 知，A项 正 确。【难 度】一 般 7D.t 答 案】8【试 题 解 析】观 点 态 度 题.通 读 全 文 可 知，作 者 对 这 种 经 营 模 羔 是 赘 同 的.【难 度】中 等【长 难 句 解 析】4.2 0 1 2浙 江 卷】AEaster（复 活 节）is still a great day for worship,randy in baskets and running around the yardfinding eggs,but every year it gets quite a bit wors

33、e for bunnies.And no,not because the kids like to pull their ears.The culprit is climate change,and someresearchers found that rising temperatures arc having harmful effects on at least five species ofrabbit in the US.Take the Lower Keys March rabbit,for instance.An endangered species that lives in

34、theLower Florida Keys,this species of cottontail is a great swimmer-it lives on the islands!but itis already severely affected by development and now by rising levels.According to the Center forBiological Diversity,an ocean level rise of only 0.6 meters will send these guys jumping to higherground a

35、nd a 0.9-meter rise would wipe out their habitat（栖，息 地）completely.The snowshoe hare,on the other hand,has a color issue.Most of these rabbits change theirfur color from white in the wintertime to brown in the summer;each designed to give thembetter cover from predators（捕 食 者）.As the number of days w

36、ith snow decreases all acrossthe country,however;more and more bunnies arc being left in white fur during brown dirt daysof both fall and spring,making them an easier mark for predators.Researchers know that thecolor change is controlled by the number of hours of sunlight,but whether the rabbit will

37、 be ableto adapt quick enough to survive is a big question.The National Wildlife Federation has reportedthat hunters have noticed their numbers are already markedly down.American pikas or rock rabbits,a relative of rabbits and hares,might be the firs of thesespecies to go extinct due to climate chan

38、ge.About 7-8 inches long,pikas live high in the cool,damp mountains west of the Rocky Mountains.As global temperatures rise,they would naturallymigrate（迁 徙）to higher ground but they already occupy the mountaintops.They cant go anyhigher.The National Wildlife Federation reports that they might not be

39、 able to stand the newtemperatures as their habitat beats up.The volcano rabbit has the same problem.These rabbits live on the slopes of volcanoes inMexico,and recent studies have shown that the lower range of their habitat has already shiftedupward about 700 meters,but there are not suitable plants

40、 for them to move higher;so they arestuck in the middle.Scientists are concerned about their populations.Native to the US,pygmy rabbits weigh less than 1 pound and live in the American West.Theyare believed to be the smallest rabbits in the world.Their habitats have been destroyed bydevelopment.Seve

41、ral populations,such as the Columbia Basin pygmy,almost went extinct andwere saved by zoo breeding programs.Pygmy rabbits also rely on winter cover by digging tunnelsthrough the snow to escape predators,but lesser snowfall is leaving them exposed.All of this gives new meaning to dressing up in a gia

42、nt bunny costume this Easter.41 The writer mentions Easter at the beginning of the passage in order t o.A.show the importance of Easter Day B.introduce the issue about bunniesC.remind people of Easter traditions D.discuss the relationship between Easter andbunnies42.The word culprit(Paragraph 2)is c

43、losest in meaning t o.A.criminal B.judge C.victim D.producer43.According to the passage,some rabbits can now be easily Uncovered by predators becausethey_A.are exposed Io more skillful huntersB.have moved to habitats with fewer plantsC.havent adapted themselves to climate changeD.cant change their f

44、ur color into white in the fall and the spring44,The problem faced by volcano rabbets and rock rabbits is t h a t.A.both are affected by less snow B.both are affected by rising sea levelsC neither can find enough food 0.neither can migrate to higher places45 Which best describes the writers tone in

45、the postage?A.Approving.B.Concerned.C.Enthusiastic.D.Doubtful.【考 点】日 常 生 活 类 一 环 境 话 题 小 品 文【文 章 大 意】每 年 复 活 节 可 爱 兔 子 给 大 家 带 来 了 多 少 欢 乐，然 而 随 着 全 球 温 暖 趋 势 的 加 剧，这 种 给 我 们 带 来 的 愉 悦 兔 子 也 不 可 避 免 地 受 到 了 一 定 的 影 响.不 久 的 将 来，复 活 节 上 兔 子 的 服 饰 也 会 因 此 而 有 所 变 化.41.【答 案】B【试 题 解 析】目 的 意 图 题.根 据 第 一 段

46、 在 全 文 中 的 作 用 可 以 看 出，本 段 主 要 目 的 是 导 入 主 题，即：关 于 兔 子 的 问 题.42.【答 案】A【试 题 解 析】词 义 猜 测 题.根 据 文 章 第 一 度 最 后 一 句 后 半 句：but everyyear it gets quite abit worse for bunnies.和 第 二 段 的 第 一 句：And no,net because the kids like to pull their ears,可 知 答 案 A,罪 过，符 合 文 意.43.【答 案】C【试 题 解 析】细 节 理 解 题。根 据 第 三 段 的 整

47、体 理 解 和 倒 数 第 二 句 but whether the rabbit will beable to adapt quick enough to survive is a big question.的 总 结，可 知 答 案 C 符 合 文 意。44.【答 案】D【试 题 解 析】细 节 理 解 题。根 据 文 章 倒 数 第 三 段 的 第 三 句 they would naturally migrate（迁 徙）to higher ground but they already occupy the mountaintops.They cant go any higher.和 H

48、到 数 第 二 段 第 二 句 的 后 半 部 分 but there are not suitable plants for them to move higher;可 知，故 答 案 D 符 合 文 意。45.【答 案】B【试 题 解 析】作 者 态 度 题。根 据 文 章 的 整 体 理 解，可 知 推 断 出 作 者 时 兔 子 这 一 问 题 很 是 关 切（concerned）,故 答 案 E 符 合 文 意。Approving赞 同 的 s Enthusiastic热 情 的；Doubtful质 疑 的，均 不 符 合 语 境，故 排 除。【难 度】一 般【长 难 句 解 析】M

49、ost of these rabbits change their fur color from white in the wintertime tobrown in the summer,each designed tc give them better cover from predators（捕 食 者）.大 多 数 这 种 兔 子 会 把 冬 天 时 的 白 色 皮 毛 变 成 夏 季 的 棕 色,每 一 种 颜 色 的 变 化 是 为 了 让 他 们 更 好 地 避 免 捕 食 者 的 发 现。D e s ig n 是 非 谓 语，与 其 逻 辑 主 语 28曲 构 成 被 动 关

50、系，故 用 过 去 分 词 作 状 语。此 外 由 于 each和 句 子 主 语 most of these rabbits不 是 同 一 事 物，因 此 这 种 非 谓 语 结 构 在 语 法 上 被 称 之 为 独 立 主 格 结 构。5.12012江 苏 卷】BDeputy Agriculture Secretary Kathleen Merrigan sees an epidemic（流 行 病）sweeping acrossAmericas farmland.It has little to do with the usual challenges,such as flood,ri