阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年原创备战2017高考精品系列之英语（原卷版）版缺答案.pdf

《阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年原创备战2017高考精品系列之英语（原卷版）版缺答案.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《阅读理解——科普知识-3年高考2年模拟1年原创备战2017高考精品系列之英语（原卷版）版缺答案.pdf（152页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、ks5u3年局考2年 模拟1年原创精品系列专题22阅读理解科普知识阅读【2017年高考命题预测】预测一高考阅读理解所选材料通常都是国外网站上的地道的英语文章，然后经过命题专家整合、改编而成。文章主要介绍国内外的文化风俗、历史名胜、人文地理、著名人物等。预测二文章的篇幅较短，词数多为280 3 3 0,兼顾多种体裁，通常有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，要求考生充分利用所给信息，回答文章提出的问题。通常文章难度不大，关键是考查考生高效处理信息的能力，还要求考生对文章有更深层次的理解。但是题目并不容易，很容易出错。全国卷的命题逐渐向地方自主命题卷，尤其是新课标地区的试卷看齐，不断增加词汇量和文章

2、长度，向新课标过渡。预测三题目设置灵活多样，通常以细节理解题为主，推理判断题为辅，兼顾猜测词义、句意题及目的意图题和主旨大意题。这种命题特点要求考生更好地了解文章中的有用信息，提高阅读速度。【ks5u考点定位】2017考纲解读和近几年考点分布高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类 阅读理解 题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐。而科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握。【试题特点】注重学科渗透，行文逻辑性强，内容抽象。贴近学生的学习、生活实际，有利于激发学生的思维，对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用。能全面地考查学生

3、的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析、解决实际问题的能力。科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：标题判断题科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best titlefor this passageo 为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是如何保护自身的，因此多以 How do doesdefend themselves(itself)为标题。生词词义判断题科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术性较强的生词，因此

4、常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word。为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。解题时一定要认真阅读原文，分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。代词指代判断题科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时;易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them 等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生根据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解

5、题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断.【考点pk】名师考点透析考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文

6、章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序(时间、空间、情感变化等)排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问1 .Which of the following statements is(not)true/correct?2.Which of the following is not mentioned?3.All of the

7、following are true except.4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.?1.直接事实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.Thisdam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.Thi

8、s huge dam is in the Black Canyon.lt is possible to drive a car from one side ofthe river to the other on a road,which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big thatthere is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to thebottom.There is enough concrete in this dam

9、 to build a highway from New York to SanFrancisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it wasrenamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam,one ofthe highest dams in the world,is situ

10、ated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q：Hoover Dam l i es.A.between Arizona and NevadaB.in the Black CanyonC.between New York and San FranciscoD.both A and B【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。2.间接事实题解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian,host of the well-received

11、TV programme44Stars Tonight,Miss Luo Lin,Miss Asia of 1991,appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TVscreen last Sunday.Bom in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old,Luo Linhas never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an airhostess.Before she took

12、part in the competition,she had been an air hostess in CathayAirline for seven years.However,it still took her three months to learn the art ofwalking on the stage,dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners,designed bythe Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter fbr such co

13、mpetition any more.Anyhow,I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work fbr the social welfaresince I won the title.This time,in Shanghai,Id love to make a deep impression on myTV audience,“said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native o

14、f Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken toHongkong 可判断不是 moved to Hongkong with her parents,因此选 B。3、数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification c

15、ourse and the Forum at the sametime,you will save.A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容1.短文的标题(title,headline)；2.短文或段落的主题(subject)；3.中心思想(main idea)；4.作者的写作目的

16、(purpose)。二、此类题的设问方式l.What would be the best title for the text?2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.What is the passage mainly about?4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is.考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，

17、属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：l.We can infer from the Passage that.2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage?4.1t can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that.5.The author suggests in this paragraph that.6.The writer imp

18、lies that.7.It can be inferred that.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that.9.On the whole,we can conclude that.lO.From the text we can conclude that.11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that.12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?13.The author is inclined to think that.14.When

19、 the writer talks about,what he really means is that.15.Whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.In the writers opinion,.近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如 Ac

20、cording to thepassage.,It can be inferred from the passage that.；It can be concluded from the passagethat.等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句（一句或几句话），然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如 It can be inferredfrom the passage that.；It can be con

21、cluded from the passage that.等，先浏览一下 4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句,作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置（如主题句出现处）；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所

22、考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有l.The word.in Line.means/can be replaced by.2.As used in the passage,the phrase u.suggests.3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase is/referred to.4.The word is closest in meaning to猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们

23、要学会“顺藤摸瓜、通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。L定义法。如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool veryslowly.句子给予annealing以明确的定义，即“退火”。It will be very hard but also very brittle-that is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。The herdsman,who looks after sh

24、eep,earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了 herdsman的词义为“牧人”。2.同位法。如:They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分a large building in old times给出了 castle的确切词义，即“城堡We are on the night shift-from midnight to 8 a.m.一this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nig

25、htshift是“夜班”的意思。3.对比法。如：She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her firstclass.but一词表转折，因此b u t前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。4.构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等）。如：Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?possibilit

26、y是 possible的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility意思是“可能性”。5.因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness waspermanent.So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测perm anent的意思为“永远的，永久”。【三年高考】14、15、16高考试题及其解析2016年高考试题I.2016 北京】CCalifornia Condors Shocking R

27、ecoveryCalifornia condors are North Americas largest birds,with wing-length of up to 3 meters.In the1980s,electrical lines and lead poisoning（铅中毒）nearly drove them to dying out.Now,electricshock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.In the late 1980s,the last few condo

28、rs were taken from the wild,and there are now more than 150flying over California and nearby Arizona,Utah and Baja in Mexico.Electrical lines have been killing them off.44As they go in to rest for the night,they just don,t seethe power lines/5 says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo.Their wings can brid

29、ge the gap between lines,resulting in electrocution（电死）if they touch two lines at once.So scientists have come up with a shocking idea.Tall poles,placed in large training areas,teach thebirds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock.Before thetraining wa

30、s introduced,66%of set-freed condors died of electrocution.This has now dropped to18%.Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with.When condors eat dead bodies of otheranimals containing lead,they absorb large quantities of lead.This affects their nervous systems andability to produce baby

31、birds,and can lead to kidneyC皆）failures and death.So condors with highlevels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,where they are treated with calcium EDTA,a chemical thatremoves lead from the blood over several days.This work is starting to pay off.The annual death ratefor adult condors has dropped f

32、rom 38%in 2000 to 5.4%in 2011.Rideouts team thinks that the California condors9 average survival time in the wild is now justunder eight years.Although these measures are not effective forever,they are vital for now,“he says.“They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recoveri

33、ng them.n63.Califomia condors attract researchers5 interest because they.A.are active at nightB.had to be bred in the wildC.are found on in CaliforniaD.almost died out in the 1980s64.Researchers have found electrical lines are.A.blocking condors,journey homeB.big killers of Califorbnia condorasC.res

34、t places for condors at nightD.used to keep condors away65.According to Paraghaph 5 Jead p o i s o n i n g.A.makes condors too nervous to flyB.has little effect on condors,kidneysC.can hardly be gotten rid of form condors bloodD.makes it different for condors to produce baby birds66.The passage show

35、s that.A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactoryB.Rideouts research interest lies in electric engineeringC.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results0.researchers have found the final answers to the problem2.2016 浙江】CA scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby

36、playing with his food might seem to havelittle in common.After all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature ofthe physical world,and the baby is,well,just playing.right?Perhaps,but some developmentalpsychologists have argued that this play is more like a scientific inv

37、estigation than one mightthink.Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over thetable edge,itfalls in the ground 一and,in the process,it belongs out important evidence about how physicalobjects interact;bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit,but require

38、support to remain stable.It is likelythat babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead,babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments andthen build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects intera

39、ct.Though their rangesand tools differ,the babys investigation and the scientists experiment appear to share the sameaim(to learn about the natural world),overall approach(gathering direct evidence from the world),and logic(are my observations what I expected?).Some psychologists suggest that young

40、children learn about more than just the physical world in thiswaythat they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.Forexample,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning atheory,that a baby will come to accept the idea tha

41、t other people can have different views anddesires from what he or she has.for example,unlike the child,Mommy actually doesnt like Dovechocolate.Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn,butit also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why

42、do young children and scientists seem tobe so much alike?Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort the desire to explore,explain,and understand our world-is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhapsevolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain

43、 their worlds,and adultscientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitivesystems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may havebeen adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it,“It is not that children ar

44、e littlescientists but that scientists are big children/50.According to some developmental psychologists,A.a babys play is nothing more than a game.B.scientific research into babies;games is possibleC.the nature of babies play has been thoroughly investigatedD.a babys play is somehow similar to a sc

45、ientists experiment51.We learn from Paragraph 2 thatA.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyB.scientists and babies often interact with each otherC.babies are born with the knowledge of object supportD.babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do52.Children may learn th

46、e rules of language byA.exploring the physical world B.investigating human psychologyC.repeating their own experiments D.observing their parents behaviors53.What is themain idea of the last paragraph?A.The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.B.Studying babies play may lead to

47、a better understanding of science.C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.D.Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.54.What is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between scientists research andbabies play?A.Convincing.B.Confu

48、sed.C.Confidence.D.Cautious.3.【2016 江苏】BChimps（黑猩猩）will cooperate in certain ways,like gathering in war parties to protect theirterritory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings,they have little instinct（本能）tohelp one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mother

49、s regularly declineto share food with their children.Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory,chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he canpull in one plate of food for himself or,with no great effort,a plate that also provides food

50、for aneighbor to the next cage,he will pull at random-he just doesn/t care whether his neighbor getsfed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children,on the other hand are extremely corporative.From the earliest ages,theydecide to help others,to share information and to participate a achieving comm