英语精读笔记.pdf

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1、1993Passage OneL:critical a.重要的，关键的；批评的，批判的starve v.饿；饿死drastic a.极端的；有力度的；严厉的mother tongue 母语infant n.婴儿capacity n.能力；容量severe a.严重的；严厉的nevertheless=nonetheless conj.尽管如此insensitive to A 对 A 不敏感signal n./v.信号；发信号Sb is programmed to d o.某人天生能做neglect vt.忽略 negligence n.negligent a.ideal a./n.理想的；理想s

2、tage n.阶段；舞台eventually ad.最终turn out to b e 结果证明是command n./v.命令;指挥；掌握style n.风格sight n.视觉；看到；视力feel n.触觉toy n.玩具pattern n.模式，样式,方式;规律incredible a.不可思议的，难以置信的mixture n.混合；混合物induce vt.诱导,引诱grasp n./v.M;抓住：掌握respond to A 对 A 做出反应/回应dull a.迟钝；枯 燥 vt.使迟钝discourage vt.使灰心discouraged a.灰心的，沮丧的verbal a.语言

3、的purpose n.目的at once突然；立刻inadequately ad.不充分的，不够的 inadequate a.intelligent a.聪明的exceptionally ad.格外，特别remarkable a.非凡，不寻常ow eA to B 把 A 归因于B；有了 A 是因为Bfaculty n.能力；全体教师；系，院inborn a.天生的anything butselective a.选择性的；选择的 select v.definite a.明确的；具体的necessarily ad.必然，必定not necessarily 未必，不见得，不一定S:such A as

4、 B 像 B 这样的AToday no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick.分析：such severe lack as that ordered by FrederickA：severe lack B:that ordered by Frederick,其中 that 指代前面的 lack介词a s引导的介宾短语，作名词lack的后置定语，但因为lack作句子的主语，为了避免头重脚轻，名词和介宾短语被谓语动词exists分割开了。翻译：今天，再不存在像Frederick下命令所造成的那种严重的匮乏。What is spec

5、ial about mans brain,compared with that of the monkey,is the complex systemwhich enables a child to connect the sight and feel of,say,a toy-bear with the sound patternutoy-bear,;与猴子的大脑相比，关于人的大脑的特殊之处，是一个复杂的系统，这个系统能让一个小孩把，比如说，对一个玩具熊的视觉和触觉，与“toy-bear”这个单词的发音模式联系起来。And even more incredible is the young

6、brains ability to pick out an order in language from themixture of sound around him,to analyze,to combine and recombine the parts of a language innew ways.更不可思议的是，小孩的大脑有能力从他周围混杂的声音中选出语言的秩序，有能力进行分析，有能力以新的方式对词和句进行组合与重新组合。W:be incapable of 不能Those saying no to books will be incapable of adapting to the

7、 information era.那些不读书的人将不能适应信息时代。be exposed to A 接触 AVia the Internet,we can be exposed to infinite information.通过互联网，我们可以接触到无限的信息。Passage TwoL:giant a.巨大的n.巨人enlerprise n.企业；事业；上进心bureaucratic a.官僚的management n.管理层；管理machinery n.机器；体系ventilate v.使通风 vent n.孔psychologist n.心理学家psychology n.心理学blue-

8、collar worker 蓝领工人white-collar worker 白领工人puppet n.傀儡；木偶dance to the s th 随着sth的节奏起舞automated=automatic a.自动的，自动化的employee n.雇员 employer n.雇主；用人单位confront vt.直面，面对fundamental a.基本的emotionally ad.情感，从感情上讲 emotional a.emotion n.intellectually ad.智力，从智力上讲 intelleclual a.productive a.有创造力的；多产的ladder n.阶

9、梯;梯子insecure a.不安全的；不牢固的;有忧虑的secure a.安全的；牢固的；无忧虑的 security n.promote vi.提拔；促进；促销fall behind 落后apply for s th 为了 sth而申请，申请以得至sthintelligence n.智力；情报，消息as well as（作连词）和;（作介词）除了submissive a.屈服的，顺从的，服从的 submission n.from that moment on 从那亥 U 起superiors上 级 a.优越的，优秀的，上级的subordinate n.下 级 a.从属的，次一级的sociab

10、ility n.好交际，善于交际 sociable a.fellow competitor 竞争对手fellow students 同学fellow workers 同事fellow soldiers 战友very a.（作名词前置定语，表示强调）preindustrial a.工业化之前的mode n.模式，形式capilalism n.资本主义 c叩italista.资本主义的n.资本家outgrow vt.因长大而不再拥有；因长大而穿不上transform A into B 把 A 变成 Btransform sth from A into B 把 sth 从 A 变为 Bindustr

11、ialism n.工业化；工业社会maximal a.最大量的，最大化的 maximum n.consumption n.消 费；消耗 consume vt.humanist a./n.人文主义，人道主义，人本主义potentiality=potential n.潜能reason n.理 性 vt.推理end n.目的；终点；末段render v t.让，使；演奏，表演；提出；提供；翻译be in harmony with A 与 A 处于和谐状态humble a.卑微smooth a.平滑,光滑；顺利genuine a.真正的individuality=personality n.个性res

12、ort to A=turn to A 求助于 A,诉诸 Aancestor n.祖先take A for granted认为A 是理所应当的，想当然approval n.同意；外 匕 准 approve v.suspicion n.怀疑 suspicious a.suspect v.submits：They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence asemotionally and intellectually independent and product

13、ive human beings.他们生生死死，从来没有作为在情感上和智力上独立且富有创造力的人，去直面过人类生存的那些基本现实。A is no less adj.than B.A 和 B 一样a d j.（强调对形容词的肯定）A is no more adj.than B.A 和 B 一样都不a d j.（强调对形容词的否定）A is no less poor than B.A 和 B 一样穷。A is no more rich than B.A 和 B 一样都不富。I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucraticall

14、y managed industrialism in whichmaximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism inwhich man and full development of his potentialities those of love and of reason are theaims of all social aiTangements.我建议把我们的社会体系，从一种官僚管理的工业社会，变为一种人性化的工业社会，在官僚管理的工业社会中，最大量的生产和消

15、费本身就是目的，而在人性化的工业社会中，人和人潜能的充分发展一 爱与理性的潜能一 是所有社会安排的目的。W：A is deprived of B.A 被剥夺了 Bo/A 失去了 B。Some children in disadvantaged circumstances are deprived of the chance to receive education.有些穷人家的孩子失去了上学的机会。A is likely to do.A 可能做Water shortage is likely to become worse.水短缺可能会变得更严重。be bored with A 对 A 感到厌

16、烦He is bored with the 9-5 lifestyle.他很厌烦那种朝九晚五（早九点上班，下午五点下班，指普通人的生活）的生活方式。It is a matter o f.这是个的问题It is a matter of life and death.这是个生与死的问题。Passage ThreeL：courses of action 做法publish vt.公布；出版patent vL为申请专利n.专利grant vt.授予make/seal/strike a bargainstaten.州，国家；状态，情形monopoly n.垄断；专用；专卖terminate v.终止，终

17、结exceptional a.例外的，独特的;杰出的circumstances n.环境span n.跨 度 v.跨越extension n.延长 extend v.circuitry n.电路；循环，巡回环路；reward n./v.回报，奖励permanently ad.永久地，永远地 permanent a.shelf n.架子A attached/affiliated to B 附属于 B 的 AMiddle School Attached to Peking University 二化大 附 中literally a d.（常用于表示强调，无实际含义）conduct vt.进行，实施

18、；引导，指挥live a.活的；实况的，现场的a sure way 一个有效的方法violation n.侵 才 12；违反 violate v.plagiarize v.票（窃 plagiarism n.likewise ad.相同地invalidate vt.使无效validate vt.使有效further a.更进一步的print n./v.印刷technological a.技术的 technology n.advance n./v.进步presumption n.假设，假定 presume v.those involved in s th 卷入sth的那些人，与 sth有关系的那些

19、人closely ad.密切的As reduction to B=the reduction of A to B A 向 B 的转化/转变reduce A to B 使 A 转化为Bnecessity n.必要；必要性 necessary a.dedication n.贡献 dedicate vt.availability n.可获得性，可用性；获得的可能性 available a.magnetic a.磁的，磁性的 magnet n.磁铁date back t o 可以追溯到original a.原创的，最初的 origin n.根源，起源originate from 起源于rear a./

20、n.后面，后部anticipate vt.预测,预计，预期 anticipation n.cart n.马车：手推车an approach to sth 做 sth 的方法the application for sth 对 sth 的申请the application of sth 对 sth 的使用the access to sth 对 sth的接近/获取/使用publicize vt.宣传，广告last v i.持续prior to=before 在 之前unusually ad.不寻常地TV station电视台recommend v.推荐；建议 recommendation n.S:B

21、ecause a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated,the shelves of the libraryattached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone touse and,if older than half a century,sometimes even re-patent.因为在一个专利终止后，它会永久保持公开性，所以专利局下属图书馆的书架上，有数以百万

22、计的创意的细节，这些细节任何人可以免费使用，并且，如果它们的时间超过半个世纪,有时甚至可以再以它们去申请专利。advise sb that给某人以 建议Indeed,patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a searchthrough live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventofs right is toplagiarize a dead patent.的确，任何

23、人想要避免对有效专利进行调查所产生的高昂成本，专利专家们会给他一个建议,即避免侵犯任何其他发明者权利的一个有效方式就是，盗用一个失效的专利。It is their reduction to commercial practice,either through necessity or dedication,or through theavailability of new technology,that makes news and money.正是它们向商业实践的转化才产生了新闻和钱，这种转化，要么是因为必要，要么是因为贡献，再要么是因为新技术能够被获得。1994Passage OneL:o

24、rganize vt组织private a.私人的，个人的market-oriented a.以市场为导向的largely a d.主要地，在很大程度上marketplace n.市场strive to do 努力做profit n.利润in competition with sb 在与 sb 的竞争中motive n.动机operate v.起作用；运行；操作competitive a.竞争的；竞争性的；竞争激烈的individual a./n.个体的；个体consumer n.消费者desire n./v.愿望；欲望maximize vt.最大化resources n.资源mechanis

25、m n.构造,结构；体制，机制in response to sth 作为对sth的反应/回应relative a.相对的；比较，相当demand n./v.需求；要求supply n./v.供应；提供in short supply 供应不足relative to A 与 A 相比较/相对应；与 A 有关bidv./n.竞标，投标be bid up（指价格等）被抬升eliminate v.去除，消除；淘汰commodity=goods n.商品in turn反过来permit sb to do 允许 sb 做regulate v.调整own=possess vl.拥有productive res

26、ources 生产资料property n.财产hire=employ vt.雇；雇佣gain control over A 获得对A 的控制natural resources 自然资源concept n.概念embrace vt.包括；拥抱contract n.v.收缩be satisfied with A 对 A 满意overstate v.夸大；多报understate v.轻描淡写；少报purchase v./n.购买purchasing power 购买力mechanized a.机械化的A is characterized by B.A 的特点是 BoThe Chinese peo

27、ple are characterized by modesty.中国人的特点是谦虚。A concerned=A involved 所涉及到的 Athose involved所涉及到的那些人，相关人士manpower n.人力work vi.起作用，发挥作用Passage TwoL:at least最少，至少at m ost最多，至多issue v.发放；发 出 n.问题credit n./v.信用；信誉；信贷；相信；表扬，赞扬；面子，荣誉；学分credit card 信用卡at h o m e在家；在国内across the country 在全国as well=too 也withdraw

28、v.抽回；收回；提取 withdrawal n.deposit v./n.存放；沉淀scatter v.分散location n.方位；地方locate v.定位；找到branch n.分行，分支机构，分公司on the horizon即将出现while conj.当的时候；尽管，虽然；而,然而convenience n.方便，便利 convenient a.electronic a.电子的cash register现金出纳机，现金记录仪a wide range of 许多keep track o f 跟踪,随时了解list n.名单，清单ilemn.项目；物品order v./n.订购；订单

29、efficient a.有效率的，高效的personnel n.人员；人事部门staffn.人员，职 员 v.定员；是的职员assignmenl n.分配，分派，安排 assign v.accordingly a d.lit,据此identify v.识别，辨认preferred customer 首选的顾客promotion(al)campaign 促销活动rely o n 依赖manufacturer n.生产商 manufacture n./v.生产analyze v.分析 analysiscomputer-analyzed a.经过计算机分析的marketing n.营销emphasi

30、ze v.强调；重视 emphasis n.develop products 开发产品stock n.供应；库存；股票in stock库存中的raw a.生的；未加工的raw material 原材料process n.过 程 v.加工，处理numerous a.众多的commercial a.商 业 的 n.商业广告utilities n.公用事业企业processor n.加工者，处理者obtain v.获得cash v.把兑换成现金pay in cash用现金支付make an order of sth=order 订购automation n.自动化S:allow sb to d o

31、允许sb做；使 sb有可能做/能够做This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which itemsare being sold and how fast they are moving.这些信息，通过表现哪些货物正被出售以及它们的出售速度，从而使商人们能够随时了解货物清单。At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are themost eff

32、icient,allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly.同时、这些电脑记录哪几个小时最忙，以及哪些员工效率最高，据此能使企业做出相应的人事安排。W:enjoy great trust from sb 得到 sb 的信任It is now more convenient to do.than before.现在做比以前更加方便。With cell phones,it is now more convenient to communicate than before.有了手机，现在通讯比以前更加方便。app

33、roaches to sth 或 approaches to doing sth 做 sth 的方法approaches to learning English 学英语的方法Sth can do much more than do.sth 的作用不仅仅是The Internet can do much more than providing us with information.互联网的作用不仅仅是给我们提供信息。Passage ThreeL:exceptional children 智障儿童in some significant w ay在某个重要的方面be adapted to A 适应

34、 Aadapt A to B il:A 适应 Bfocus o n 聚焦于，集中于environment n.环境leading actor 主演capture v./n.抓住；捕获capture ones attention吸引某人的注意力be aware o f 意识到supporting player 酉 己 角scenery n.风景；舞台背景be the key to sth 是 sth 的关键pass o n 传承prejudice n./v.偏见central values核心价值观democratic a.民主 的 democracy n.phrase n.短语，表达found

35、er n.建立者，创建者 found vt.denote=mean v.意味着，意思是the right of sb to do sb 做的权利the right of sb to sth sb 得至lj sth 的权利confirm vt.确认;证实appropriate a.合适的modify v.修饰；修改，改变program n./v.计划，项目；节目，节目单；程序；课程instruction n.教导，教学；指令；说明 instruct v.cite vt.弓|用 citation n.normal a.正常的 norm n.标准；规范receive much concern得到很多

36、关注necessity n.必要,必要性state vt.陈述，表明 statement n.exert vt.施加，运用s：The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decadesindicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens,whatever their special conditions,deserve the opportunity to fully develop thei

37、r capabilities.在过去三十年，在公共教育方面所表现出的、对智障儿童的巨大兴趣，表明了我们社会中的一种强烈情感，即所有公民，不管他们的特殊状况是什么，都应该得到充分发展他们能力的机会。W:A weighs much heavier than B.A 比 B 重要的多。Health weighs much heavier than wealth.健康比财富重要的多。fully develop one potentials充分发展/发挥一个人的潜能/潜力A good job is one which can fully develop our potentials.一个好的工作是能够充

38、分发挥我们的潜能的工作。deserve special consideration应该得到特殊关照/照顾Those in disadvantaged circumstances should deserve special consideration.弱势群体应该得到特殊关照。A exerts great influence over B.A 对 B 有巨大的影响。College life exerts great influence over everyones values.大学生生活对每个人的价值观都有巨大的影响。A has much to do with B.A 与 B 有很大关系。G

39、lobal warming has much to do with human activities.全球变暖与人类的活动有很大关系。Passage FourL:by the end o f 到(某一时间段)结束时in detail详细地arise v.(arose,arisen)出现，产生micro a.微小的microbiologist n.微生物学家expert on sth sth方面的专家caution vt.警 告 n.小心，谨慎once conj.一旦；一次cure n.治疗方法，治 疗 v.治愈infection n.感染；传染 infectious a.infect v.su

40、rvive v.生存；保留；在 之后还活着/存在 survival n.institute n.机构；学院estimate v./n.估计figure n.数字，数目statistics n.数据discouraging a.令人沮丧的as many as 多达varielyn.变体；多样in existence（作名词后置定语）现存的make great progress取得巨大的进步cosmic=universal a.宇宙的 cosmos=universe n.宇宙radiation n.辐射 radiate v.diet n.饮食activate vt.激活cell n.细胞myste

41、rious a.神秘的 mystery n.迷likelihood=possibility n.可能性likely a.可能的initiate vt.使进入；使开始,着手initiation n.evolutionary a.进化的；进化论的point out 指出prospect n.前景determine v.确定；决定evolution n.evolve v.counteract v.对抗;抵消disclose v.揭示；揭露indicate v.表明imply v.暗示 implication n.in operation起作用；在运行so long as=as long as 只要t

42、urn o ff关；关闭ever-present永远存在的W:suffer from a disease 患病，得病those suffering from swine flu 得 了猪流感的人There is still a long way to go before.在 之前还有很长的路要走。There is still a long way to go before everyone becomes aware of the problem.在人们意识到这个问题之前，还有很长的路要走。Passage FiveL:discovery n.发现 discover v.blind vt.使失明

43、；使晕眩；使未能意识到dramatic a.戏剧化的；戏居U 的Sir n.爵士legend n.传奇；传说Legend has it that.据传说mold n./v.霉菌；铸模；铸造；塑造penicillin n.青霉素experiment with A 用 A 做实验antibacterial a.抗菌的substance n.物质innovation n创新 innovate v.innovative a.laborious a.充满艰辛的trial n.尝试；审理 try v.soccer n.足球shot n.射门；投篮；弹丸have sth done sth 被（别人）做hav

44、e ones hair cut 理发have their shots blocked 射门被阻挡score v.得分prime a.主要的work on sth 忙于，从事consciously ad.有意识的 conscious a.ordinary people,the average person,common people 普通人fanciful a.不切实际的；时尚的，前卫的abstraction n.抽象；抽象的事物solid possibilities有根据并可能实现的事virtue n.美德;优点authority n.权威；权威人士；当局；政府seemingly ad.表面上

45、plastic garbage bags 塑料垃圾袋how come=why 为什么think of 想到proposition n.观点，理论set o u t出发；开始search for=look for 寻找alternate a.另外的；非常规的in the long run=in the long term 长远来说be bound to do 肯定，必定challenging a.有挑战的challenge v./n.挑战；质疑dead en d 死胡同ignorant of A 对 A 一无所知come up w ith想出，拿出by accident偶然，不经意间distin

46、guish/tell A from B 区分 A 和 Bpossess vt.拥有present v.n；介绍；描述quote v.弓 I 用 quotation n.assertion n.断言,坚持声称 assert v.assertive a.diligent a.勤奋的 diligence n.be reluctant to do 不情愿做be devoted to A 致力于 Abe concerned about A 关心 A；担心 AS:Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particu

47、lar virtue in doing thingsthe way they have always been done,原句省略的词汇用划线表示：Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres noparticular virtue in doing things in the way in which they have always been done,创造性思维可能仅仅意味着一种意识，即，采用事情一向被做时所用的方式去做事情，并没有特别的好处。创造性思维可能仅仅意味着一种意识，即，用人们常用的做事方式做事情，并

48、没有特别的好处。Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.有高度创造力的人的确是伴随着一个不同的鼓手敲出的节奏前行的。1995Passage OneL:know of/aboul 了 解serve to do=help to do 有助于assist v.协助 assistance n.assistant a.协 助 的 n.助手distribution n.销售；分配，分发thereby=therefore 因 止 匕establish v.建立，确立；证实home m arket国内市场provid

49、e fo r为 做准备draw ones attention to A 让某人注意 Adraw attention to A 让人们注意 Aenormously ad.非常，极其enormous a.巨大的ensure v.保证lower vt.降低tube=underway n.地铁guarantee n./v.保证apart from 除 了act n.法令,法案parliament n.（英国、澳大利亚的）国会govern v.统治，管理，控制lermn.术语，用语；关系；条件，条款；时期regular a.规则的；规律的；经常的；固定的promote a product 推销产品fai

50、l to d o 未能;无法live up to sth 达到sth（期望，承诺等）mislead=misguide v.误导mercifully ad.幸亏，好在，幸运的是merciful a.仁慈的，宽大的inferior a.次的，劣的，低的article n.物品；文章；条目，条款；冠词consistently ad.一贯地；始终如一地，一致地；向来，历来 consistent a.represent vt.代表force n.因素；力量touch on=mention 提到，提及personality n.名人；个性declare v.宣布 declaration n.persuad