英美概况考试重点.pdf

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1、Chapter 1 第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1 .Geographical names:the British Isles,Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name:the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.The British Isles are mad

2、e up of two large islands-Great Britain(the larger one)andIreland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛一大不列颠岛(较大的一个)和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain:England,Scotland and Wale 大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。(1)England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is

3、 the largest,most populoussection.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。(2)Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.It has three natural zones(the Highlands inthe north;the Central lowlands;the south Uplands)Capital:Edinburgh 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱丁堡。(3)Wales is in the west of Great Britain.C

4、apital:Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫(4)Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK.Capital:Belfast.北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。5.The Commonwealth(of nations)is a free association of independent countries thatwere once colonies of Britain.It was founded in 1931,and has 50 member countriesuntil 1991.英联邦是独

5、立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年 至 1990年止已有50个成员国。Chapter 2 第二章The Origins of a Nation（5000BC-1066）英国的起源（公元前 5000 年一1066 年）I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced tamers.The drained much of marshlands and built houses ofwood.They wre ironworkers,too.Their languages,the Celts l

6、anguages,are the basis ofthe language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales.Their religionwas Druidism（n.德鲁伊教）.克尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。1、The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前 700 年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。2、The Celts came to Britain in three m

7、ain waves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前 600 年盖尔人的来临。The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前 400年布列吞人的抵达。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前 150 年比利其人的到达。II.The Anglo-Saxons（446-871）盎格鲁一撒克逊人（公元 446871 年）1.Basis o

8、f Modern English race:the Anglo-Saxons.盎格鲁一萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders,Jutes,Saxons,and Angles came toBritain.They were three Teutonic tribes.五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland,came to Britain first.A Jutish chiefbecam

9、e the King of Kent in 449.Then the Saxons,users of the short-sword fromnorthern Germany,established their kingdom in Essex,Sussex and Wessex from theend of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.In the second half of the6th century,the Angles,who also came from northern Germany and were

10、 to give theirname to the English people,settled in East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.Theseseven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.居住在日德兰半岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。一个朱特人首领于4 49 年当上了国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞

11、克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格鲁一撒克逊人改信基督教。The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.Christianity soondisappeared,except am

12、ong the Celts of Cornwall,Wales,Scotland and Ireland.In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine,the Prior of St.Andrews Monastery in Rome,toEngland to convert the heathen（异教的）English to Christianity.In 597 St.Augustinebecame the first Archbishop of Canterbury.He was remarkably successful in convertingt

13、he king and the nobility,but the conversion of the common people was largely due tothe missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格鲁一撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元5 9 7,教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公 元 5 79 年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成

14、功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation)早期盎格鲁一撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided thecountry into shires(which the Normans later called counties),with sh

15、ire courts andshire reeves,or sheriffs,responsible for administering law.Secondly,they devised thenarrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.Thirdly,they also established the manorial system(庄园缶I).Finally,they created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen)to ad

16、vise the king,the basis of the Privy Councilwhich still exists today.盎格鲁一撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至18世纪。止 匕 外,他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。IV.Viking and Danish invasions北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes.They a

17、ttacked various parts ofEngland from the end of the 8th century.They became a serious problem in the 9thcentury,especially between 835 and 878.They even managed to capture York,animportant center of Christianity in 867.By the middle of 9th century,the Viking and theDanes were posing a threat to the

18、Saxon kingdom of Wessex.入侵者是知B威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公 元867年时的基督教中心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。2.King Alfred(849-899)and his contributions 艾尔弗雷德国王(849-899)和他所做出的贡献Alfred was a king of Wessex.He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreementwith

19、them in 879.The Danes gained control of the north and east,while he ruled therest.He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He（Dfounded a strong fleet and is known as the father of the British navy.He reorganized the Saxon army,making it more efficient.He translated a Latin book intoEngli

20、sh.He also established schools and formulated a legal system.All this earnshim the title Alfred the Great.阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协 议 规 定 丹 麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦 法 区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”（撒克逊军队）,使 之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律 制 度。所有这一切使他当

21、之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”的称号。V.The Norman Conquest（1066）诺 曼 征 服（公元 1066 年）1.Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death.威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William,but the Witanchose Harold as king.So William led his army to invade England.In October

22、 1066,during the important battle of Hastings,William defeated Harold and killed him.OneChristmas Day,William was crowned king of England,thus beginning the NormanConquest of England.据 说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公 元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征

23、服。2.The Norman Conquest and its consequences 诺曼征服及其产生的影响。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Normanfollowers.He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.Sothe feuda

24、l system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened,and the civilization and commerce wereextended.Norman-French culture,language,manners and architecture wereintroduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome,and thechurch courts were separated fr

25、om the civil courts.1066 年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼一法兰西文化、语言、行为规范和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭分离。3.The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins.The ancestors of manyEnglish people were the ancient

26、 Angles and Saxons.Some English people are of theNorman-French origin.英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。Chapter 3 第三章The Shaping of the Nation(1066-1381)英国的形成(公元 1066-1381)I.Norman Rule(1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元 1066-1381)1.Williams Rule(1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元 1066-1087)Englands feudalism und

27、er the rule of William the Conqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established.According to this system,the King owned all the land personally.William gave hisbarons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and aproportion of the l

28、ands produce.These estates were scattered far and wide over thecountry,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king.Thebarons,who had become Williams tenants-in-chief,parceled out land to the lessernobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services.At the bott

29、om ofthe feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.One peculiar feature of the feudal systemof England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to theirimmediate lord,but also to the king.在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有土地。威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和物品。这些地产分散于各处，相距遥远，这样土地拥有者就

30、不易联合起来反叛国王。已成为国王总佃户的贵族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。处于封建等级最底层的是农奴。英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于国王。II.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章的内容及意义Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons.Itconsists of sixty-three clauses.Its important

31、 provisions are as follows:(1)no tax shouldbe made without the approval of the Grand Council;(2)no freemen should be arrested,imprisoned or deprived of their property;(3)the Church should possess all its rights,together with freedom of elections;(4)London and other towns should retain theirtradition

32、al rights and privileges,and(5)there should be the same weights andmeasures throughout the country,(significance)Although The Great Charter has longbeen popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statementof the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons,

33、a guaranteeof the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.The spirit ofthe Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king,keeping them within thebounds of the feudal law of the land.大宪章是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的。大宪章总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：（1）未经大议会同意，不得征税；（2）只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自

34、由人以及剥夺他们的财产；（3）教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；（4）伦敦和其它城镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权；（5）全国要统一度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为 大宪章为英国的自由奠定了基础，但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王权利。大宪章的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制在英国封建法律允许的范围之内。III.The origins of the English Parliament 英国议会的起源The Great Council is known to be the prototype（原型）of the current British Parlia

35、ment.In 1265,Simon de Montfort summoned（召集）the Great Council,together with twoknights from each county and two citizens from each town.It later developed into theHouse of Lords and the House of Commons.Its main role was to offer advice,not tomake decisions.There were no elections or parties.And the

36、most important part ofParliament was the House of Lords.大议会是当今英国议会的原型。1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院和下议院。其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。IV.The Hundred Years War and its consequences.百年战争及其结果The Hundred Years War refers to the war between England and France that lastedinte

37、rmittently from 1337 to 1453.The causes of the war were partly territorial and partlyeconomic.The territorial causes were related with the possession by the Englishkings of the large duchy of Aquitaine in France,as the French kings grew stronger,theyincreasingly coveted this large slice.The economic

38、 causes were connected withcloth manufacturing towns in Flanders,which were the importer of English wool,butthey were loyal to the French king politically.Besides,Englands desire to stopFrance from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the othercauses.The Englishs being driven

39、out of France is(D regarded as a blessing for bothcountries.If the English had remained in France,the superior size and wealth of Francewould have hindered the development of a separate English national identity,while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much Frenchterritory.百年

40、战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地，这是战争的根源，随着法国国王势力日增，他们渴望占领这片土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且压制不断增强的民族意识。战争的结果：把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：若英国人继续留在法国，那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国的发展；而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下,法国也很难统一。Three stages

41、of the w a r战争的三个阶段In the first two stages,the English won some big victories.But in the third stage,theywere driven out of Fance.战争初期，英国取得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国The battle of Argencourt 阿壤禾斗之战It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory.After the victory,theEnglish king Henry V was recognize

42、d as the French King.1415 年英国大获全胜,亨利5世登上法国王位。Joan of Arc(1412-1431)贞德女士Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history.She led and encourages the Frenchin driving the English out of French in the Hundred Years W ar.贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。Consequences of the w a r战争的后果影响The English lost

43、the war.The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as ablessing for both countries.It helped English national identity as well as Frenchnational identity.Two separate nation were born after the war.V.The Black Death 黑死病The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,a

44、n epidemicdisease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century.It swept through Englandin the summer of 1348.It reduced Englands population from four million to two millionby the end of the 14th century.The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of theplague,

45、much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour.Thesurviving peasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change theirserfdom into paid labour.Some landlords,unable or unwilling to pay higher wages,triedto force peasants back into serfdom.In 1351 the governm

46、ent issued a Statute ofLabourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for theiremployers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace.黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病，在14世纪传播了到欧洲。1348年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远。鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。地主想把耕地

47、变为人力需求较少的牧场。存活的农民处于有利的讨价还价地位，从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。1351年政府颁布“劳工法令”，规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制订的工资水平要高的工资都是犯罪。Chapter 4 第四章Transition to the Modern Age(1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡I.Transition to the Modern Age(1455-1485)向近代英国的过渡(1455 年-1485 年)The Wars of Rose 玫瑰战争The nature and conseque

48、nces of the Wars of the Roses.The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster,symbolized by the read rose,and that of York,symbolized by the white,from 1455 to1485.Henry Tudor,descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in1485 and put the country

49、 under the rule of the Tudors.From these Wars,Englishfeudalism received its death blow.The great medieval nobility was much weakened.玫瑰战争是指，从 1455年到1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。1485年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝。这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击,贵族阶层受到了削弱。II.Henry VIII and The English Reform

50、ation亨利八世和英国的宗教改革Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church.There werethree main causes:a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing formany years and now,encouraged by the success of Martin Luther,many peoplebelieved its time had come;the privilege