2018年12月四级真题(一)解析_资格考试-公务员考试.pdf

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1、-欢迎下载 Part I Writing(30 minutes)The Challenges of Living in a Big City【1】With the development of economy and urbanization,the number of cities is constantly increasing in China.【2】While big cities are attracting more and more people,they also bring many challenges,such as traffic jam and pollution,j

2、ust to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is the traffic congestion in the rush hour.I hate waiting for buses and being late.Therefore,I have to get up very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】Next is that the large population in a big city makes it【5】so crowded that

3、 you cant find a peaceful place unless staying at home.The supermarkets are always crowded,so are the cinemas and parks.parks.【6】Another consequence for such a large population is that it intensifies the inadequacy of quality medical and educational resources,thus decreasing residents sense of happi

4、ness.【7】As a result,although I am frequently asked whether I like to live in a big city or not,my answer is always no,definitely not,How about you?话题词汇:unsatisfactory 不满意的 leisure 娱乐 opportunity 机会 fast pace 快节奏 pressure 压力 lifestyle 生活方式 environment 环境 urban 城市的 health 健康 Part III Reading Comprehen

5、sion Section A【词性分析】:名词:A)ability 能力;才能;E)control 控制;管制;F)damage 伤害;损害;M)sources 来源;根源;O)vehicles 交通工具,车辆 动词:B)associated 与相关;联系;E)control 管理;控制;克制;F)damage 损害;对有不良影响 G)described 描绘,描述;H equals 相当于;比得上;)innovated 创新,革新;L)relates 相联系;把系起来;M)sources 来自;找出的来源;N)undermine 逐渐削弱 形容词:D)constant 持续不断的;始终如一的

6、 副词:C)consciously 有意识地,自觉地;1)exclusively 仅仅,唯独;K)regularly 经常;定期地 Millions die early from air pollution each year.Air pollution costs the global economy more than$5 trillion annually in welfare costs,with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the developing world.The figures include a number of co

7、sts 27-associated with air pollution.Lost income alone amounts to$225 billion a year.1.die v.死亡，熄灭;凋零 n.骰子 2.trilliontr lj nn.万亿;兆 adj.万亿的 3.welfare welfe(r)n.福利;幸福;繁荣;安宁 4.alone l n adj.单独的;独一无二的;独自的 adv.单独地;独自地;孤独地;只，只有;The report includes both indoor and outdoor air pollution.Indoor pollution,whi

8、ch includes 28-sources like home heating and cooking,has remaine d 29-constant over the past several decades despite advances in the area.Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in industry and transportation.5.source s rs n.根源，本源;源头，水源;原因 v.来源;起源;寻求来源 6.remain r menn.

9、剩余物，残骸;残余;遗迹;遗体 v.留下;保持;依然;搁置;剩余，剩下;逗留-欢迎下载 7.constant k nst nt adj.不断的，持续的;永恒的，始终如一的;坚定;忠实的 n.常量;不变的事物 The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain.在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。8.despite d spa t prep.不管;尽管（自己）不愿意;不在乎;n.侮辱;憎恨;怨恨;轻蔑的拒绝或不承认 例句：Despite his lack of experience,he got the job.Director of

10、 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation（健康指标与评估研究所所长）Chris Murray 30-described it as an“urgent call to action”action.One of the risk factors for premature deaths is the air we breathe,over which individual s have little 31-control,”he said.9.institute nst tju:t vt.建立;制定;开始;着手 n.协会;学会;学院;（教育、专业等

11、）机构 例句：He thought of trying for a position in a research institute.他想方设法在一个研究机关找个工作.10.metricmetr k adj.米制的，公制的 health metrics 健康指标 11.evaluate vljue tv.评价，估价 12.urgent:d nt adj.急迫的;催促的;强求的;极力主张的 例句：There is an urgent need for food and water 13.prematureprem t(r)adj.过早的;提前的;早产的;草率的 A fire caused the

12、 premature closing of the exhibition.火灾迫使展览会提前结束.abortion The effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world,where in some places lost-labor income 32-equals nearly,1%of GDP.Around 9 in 10 people in low-and middle-income countries live in places where they 33-regularly expensive dangerou

13、s levers of outdoor air pollution.14.laborle b(r)n.劳动;劳工;v.努力争取(for);苦干 adj.劳工的，工会的 But the problem is not limited 34-exlcusively to the the developing world.Thousands die prematurely in the U.S.as a result of related illnesses.In many European countries,where diesel(di:zl 柴油)35-vehicles have become

14、 more common in recent years,that number reaches tens of thousands.petrol petr l=gasoline gs li:n splash petrol Food-as-Medicine Movement Is Witnessing Progress 食物即药物运动正在取得进展 A)Several times a month,you can find a doctor in the aisles(aisle a ln.过道，通道;侧廊)of Ralphs market in Huntington Beach,Californ

15、ia,wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food.On one recent day,this doctor was Daniel Nadeau(丹尼尔那多),wander ing(wander w nd(r)vt.漫步,游荡,闲逛;（道路或河流）蜿蜒曲折;（人的思想等）走神，胡思乱想)the cereal(s ri ln.谷物;荞麦食品 adj.谷物的)aisle with Allison Scott（艾莉森斯科特）,giving her some idea on how to feed kids who persiste

16、ntly(adv.坚持地;固执地)avoid anything that is healthy.“Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?”he asks her.“The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper,and fruits are really good for the brain.Juices are quick and easy to prepare;you can take the frozen fruit out the night before

17、 and have it ready the next morning.”B)Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician(f z nn.医生，内科医生)who is program director of the nearby Mary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center(玛丽&迪克艾伦糖尿病中心),part of the St.Joseph Hoag Healthalliance(la nsn.（国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟)（圣约瑟夫 霍格健康联盟）.The centers Shop with You

18、r Doc program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet with any patients who sign up for(注册，报名参加)the service,plus any other shoppers who happen to be around with questions.C)Nadeau notices the pre-made(预先配制,现成的)macaroni(mk r ni通心粉)-and-cheese boxes in Scotts shopping cart(k:t 手推车)and suggests she

19、switch to whole grain(谷物，粮食)macaroni and real cheese.“So Id have to make it?“she asks,her enthusiasm fadingfe dv.(褪去，失去光泽;逐渐消逝)at the thought of how long that might take,just to have her kids reject(r d ektvt.拒绝;抛弃，扔掉;排斥;吐出或呕吐;)it.“Im not sure theyd eat it.They just wont eat it.”源交通工具车辆动词与相关联系管理控制克制

20、损害对有不良影响描绘描述相当于比得上创新革新相联系把系起来来自找出的来源逐渐削弱形容词持续不断的始终如一的副词有意识地自觉地仅仅唯独经常定期地死亡熄灭凋零骰子万亿 求来源剩余物残骸残余遗迹遗体留下保持依然搁置剩余剩下逗留欢迎下载不断的持续的永恒的始终如一的坚定忠实的常量不变的事物在英国天气是交谈中永恒的话题不管尽管自己不愿意不在乎侮辱憎恨怨恨轻蔑的拒绝或不承认例句 工作米制的公制的健康指标评价估价急迫的催促的强求的极力主张的例句过早的提前的早的草率的火灾迫使展览会提前结束劳动劳工努力争取苦干劳工的工会的柴油食物即药物运动正在取得进展过道通道侧廊丹尼尔那多漫步游荡闲-欢迎下载 D)Nadeau

21、says sugar and processed foods are big contributors to the rising diabetes rates among children.“In America,over 50 percent of our food is processed food,”Nadeau tells her.“And only 5 percent of our food is plant-based food.I think we should try to reverse(r v:s v.（使）反转;（使）颠倒;掉换;撤消)that.”Scott agree

22、s to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make real macaroni and cheese.Score one point for the doctor,zero for diabetes.E)Nadeau is part of a small revolution(rev lu:n n.革命;彻底改变)developing across California.The food-as-medicine movement has been around for decades,but its making progress as ph

23、ysicians and medical institutions make food a formal part of treatment,rather than relying solely(s lliadv.唯一地;仅仅;独一无二地)on medications(药物).By prescribing nutritional(nj tr nladj.营养的;滋养的)changes or launching programs such as Shop with Your Doc,they are trying to prevent,limit or even reverse disease

24、by changing what patients eat.“Theres no question people can take things a long way toward(可以取得很大进步)reversing diabetes,reversing high blood pressure,even preventing cancer,by food choices,”Nadeau says.F)In the big picture（从大局来看）,says Dr.Richard Afable,CEO and president of St.Joseph Hoag Health,medic

25、al institution s（institution nst tju:nn.（大学、银行等规模大的）机构;惯例，制度）across the state are starting to make a philosophical（f l s f kl adj.哲学上的）switch to becoming a health organization,not just a health care organization.That feeling echoes（ek n.回声，共鸣）the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program（er pju

26、:t k pntri 治疗性食物储藏室项目）at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital（扎克伯格旧金山综合医院）,which completed its pilot phase fe z（试验阶段）and is about to expand on an ongoing（ng 不断变化的）basis to five clinic（kl n k n.诊所，门诊部）sites throughout（ru:a t prep.（表示时间）自始至终;在期间;遍及地域;遍及场所 adv.处处;始终;在所有方面）the city.The program will

27、 offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition,along with intensive（n tens vadj.加强的，强烈的）training in how to cook it.“We really want to link food and medicine,and not just give away food,”says Dr.Rita Nguyen,the hospitals medical director of Healthy Food Initiatives（健康食品倡议 initiat

28、ive n t vn.倡议 adj.自发的）.We want people to understand what theyre eating,how to prepare it,the role food plays in their lives.”G)In Southern California,Loma Linda University School of Medicine（洛马琳达大学医学院）is offering specialized training for its resident physicians（住院医师）in Lifestyle Medicine-that is a f

29、ormal specialty in using food to treat disease.Research findings increasingly show the power of food to treat or reverse diseases,but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution,or that every illness can benefit substantially（s b stn li adv.本质上，实质上;大体上;充分地;相当多地）from dietary（da t r adj.

30、饮食的 例如：dietary supplement 膳食补充品）changes.Nonetheless（adv.虽然如此）,physicians say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges:that the salt,sugar,fat and processed foods in the American diet contribute to the nations high rates of obesity,diabetes and heart disease.According to the

31、World Health Organization,80 percent of deaths from heart disease and stroke（str k 中风）are caused by high blood pressure,tobacco use,elevated cholesterol（k lest r l 胆固醇）and low consumption of fruits and vegetables.H）“Its a different paradigm(pr da m 范式)of how to treat disease,”says Dr.Brenda Rea（布伦达

32、雷）,who helps run the family and preventive（pr vent v n.预防;防止 adj.预防的）medicine residency program at Loma Linda University School of Medicine.The lifestyle medicine specialty is designed to train doctors in how to prevent and treat disease,in part,by changing patients nutritional habits.The medical ce

33、nter and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard（k b dn.橱柜;衣柜;食物柜;壁橱）and kitchen for patients.This way,patients not only learn about which foods to buy,but also how to prepare them at home.I)Many people dont know how to cook,Rea says,and they only know how to heat things up.That means dependin

34、g on packaged food with high salt and sugar content.So teaching people about which foods are healthy and how to prepare them,she says,can actually transform（trns f:mvt.改变;改观;变换）a patients life.And beyond that,it might transform the health and lives of that patients family.“What people eat can be med

35、icine or poison,”Rea says.“As a physician,nutrition is one of the most powerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease”.源交通工具车辆动词与相关联系管理控制克制损害对有不良影响描绘描述相当于比得上创新革新相联系把系起来来自找出的来源逐渐削弱形容词持续不断的始终如一的副词有意识地自觉地仅仅唯独经常定期地死亡熄灭凋零骰子万亿 求来源剩余物残骸残余遗迹遗体留下保持依然搁置剩余剩下逗留欢迎下载不断的持续的永恒的始终如一的坚定忠实的

36、常量不变的事物在英国天气是交谈中永恒的话题不管尽管自己不愿意不在乎侮辱憎恨怨恨轻蔑的拒绝或不承认例句 工作米制的公制的健康指标评价估价急迫的催促的强求的极力主张的例句过早的提前的早的草率的火灾迫使展览会提前结束劳动劳工努力争取苦干劳工的工会的柴油食物即药物运动正在取得进展过道通道侧廊丹尼尔那多漫步游荡闲-欢迎下载 J)Studies have explored evidence that dietary changes can slow inflammation(nfl me n炎症),for example,or make the body inhospitable（inhospitable

37、 nh sp t bl adj.不好客的，不友好的;不适于居住的）to cancer cells.In general,many lifestyle medicine physicians recommend a plant-based diet-particularly for people with diabetes or other inflammatory conditions.K)“As what happened with tobacco,this will require a cultural shift,but that can happen,”says Nguyen.“In

38、the same way physicians used to smoke,and then stopped smoking and were able to talk to patients about it,I think physicians can have a bigger voice（有发言权）in it.”36.More than half of the food Americans eat is factory-produced.37.There is a special program that assign s doctors to give advice to shopp

39、ers in food stores.assign sa nvt.分派，指定，选派（某人）；分配(某物);归于，归属;法律 把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人 The two large rooms have been assigned to us.=we have been assigned two large rooms.Assign sth to sb=assign sb sth They ve assigned their best man to the job.Assignment(分配)任务；工作 38.There is growing evidence from resea

40、rch that food helps patients recover from various illnesses.recover r k v(r)vt.恢复;重新获得;找回；恢复健康（体力、能力等）recover from 从 收回 取回;恢复，痊愈 例句：She returned to her family home to recover from an illness.39.A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40.Training a patient to prepare healthy food can c

41、hange their life.41.One food-as-medicine program not only prescribe s food for treatment but teaches patients how to cook it.prescribe pr skra b vt.指定，规定;指定，规定;开处方 41.Scott is not keen on cooking food herself,thinking it would simply be a waste of time.42.Diabetes(da bi:ti:z 糖尿病)patients are advised

42、 to eat more plant-based(植物性)food.43.Using food as medicine is no novel(n vladj.新奇的;异常的)idea,but the movement is making headway(n.前进;进展)these days.45.Americans high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.result from 产生于,由 引起 例句：Many hair problems result from what you eat.result in 引

43、起，导致，以 为结局 例句：Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.Passage one Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought(dra tn.干旱（时期），旱季;旱灾)for many years now,with certain areas even having to pump(p mp 用抽水机汲水;用泵（或泵样器官等）输送;)freshwater hund

44、reds of miles to their distribution(d str bju:nn.分配，分布)system.The problem is growing as the population of the state continues to expand.New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis.Previous drilling（drill dr ln钻头;军事训练;v.钻（孔）;打（眼）;操练）of wells

45、could only reach depths of 1,000 feet,but due to new pumping（pumpp mp n.泵;打气筒;v.用抽水机汲水;给打气;用泵）practices,water deeper than this can now be extracted(ekstrkt v.抽 取).The team at Stanford investigated the aquifers(kw f(r)地下蓄水层)below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously th

46、ought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1,000 feet for oil and gas extraction,but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth.The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the 源交通工具车辆动词与相关联系管理控制克制损害对有不良影响描绘描述相当于比得上创新革新相联系把系起来来自找出的来源逐渐削弱形容词持续不断的始

47、终如一的副词有意识地自觉地仅仅唯独经常定期地死亡熄灭凋零骰子万亿 求来源剩余物残骸残余遗迹遗体留下保持依然搁置剩余剩下逗留欢迎下载不断的持续的永恒的始终如一的坚定忠实的常量不变的事物在英国天气是交谈中永恒的话题不管尽管自己不愿意不在乎侮辱憎恨怨恨轻蔑的拒绝或不承认例句 工作米制的公制的健康指标评价估价急迫的催促的强求的极力主张的例句过早的提前的早的草率的火灾迫使展览会提前结束劳动劳工努力争取苦干劳工的工会的柴油食物即药物运动正在取得进展过道通道侧廊丹尼尔那多漫步游荡闲-欢迎下载 ground,which means that pumping will be expensive and ther

48、e are other concerns.The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface.As the water is pumped out,the vacant(ve k ntadj.空闲的;空缺的;空虚的)space left is compacted(k m pkt v.压紧;把弄紧密，把弄结实;使（文体）简洁 adj.紧凑的;简洁的，)by the weight of the earth above.Even though

49、pumping from these depths is expensive,it is still cheaper than desalinating(di:sl ne n脱盐)the ocean water in the largely coastal state.Some desalination plants exist where feasible(fi:z bl adj.可行的;可用的;可实行的),but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs.Wells are much more reliable sources

50、 of freshwater,and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers.This means that some wells may even need to undergo(nd g vt.经历，经验;遭受)desalinati