阅读理解之说明文-备战2021年中考英语一遍过（解析版）.pdf

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1、考点2 9阅读理解之说明文”英语说明文，顾名思义，就是一种以 说明、解释 为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介

2、绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即 who-what Twhen where how t why。1.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2.whal：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和 where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：

3、通过什么方式表现出来的？5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。明 二 跟踪训练AHave you ever gone to a fast-food restaurant to eat and gotten a kids meal that came with a toy?Sometimesthose meals have different toys fbr boys and girls-maybe a truck for the boys and a toy bear for the girls

4、.Whodecides that boys like to play with trucks and girls like to play with stuffed animals?I know many boys who likestuffed animals and lots of girls who play with trucks.When we decide what someone will like or how they will actjust because they are boys or girls,we are stereotyping（形成模式化观念）.A ster

5、eotype is a group that we put people into.Our human brains do this all the time;its one of the ways that ourbrain has learned to deal with the world.We see someone and put that person into a group-for example,the old orthe young,a boy or a girl.Is that a bad thing?No,its not.One advantage of a stere

6、otype is that it enables us to deal with situations rapidly because we may have had asimilar experience before.The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world;since they cutdown the amount of processing(i.e.thinking)we have to do when we meet a new person.Although groupin

7、g itself isnt bad,it can be harmful sometimes.It makes us ienore differences between eachsingle person,that is,we usually think all the people in one group are the same but that might not be true.When we stereotype,we think of a group and give everyone in that group certain characteristics.For examp

8、le,the fast food restaurant believed that all boys like to play with vehicles and all girls prefer toy animals.They did thatbased only on whether they were boys or girls.Stereotypes are problems when beliefs that people have about groups are not necessarily true.Have you everheard anyone say that Me

9、n are better drivers than women?Statements like this take a group of people and give all ofthem the same behaviors or characteristics.I know men who are good drivers,and I know women who are gooddrivers.Its not fair to judge all people in a group by a stereotype.We need to remember that everyone in

10、the group isan individual who has different abilities,interests,strengths and behaviors.30.The example of different toys for boys and girls is mentioned to show that.A.boys and girls prefer different toysB.boys and girls are treated unfairlyC.people sometimes mix childrens likesD.people have fixed i

11、deas on things31.Which of the following stereotypes is useful?A.Making friends by his appearance.B.Boys do better in science than girls.C.Youth easily do unreasonable things.D.Red signs on the road warn us of danger.32.The underlined word ignore in Paragraph 4 probably means.A.fail to notice B.fail

12、to trust C.fail to search D.fail to face33.What does the writer want to tell us about stereotyping?A.Stereotyping is like a coin which has two sides.B.It helps our brain learn to deal with similar situations.C.Judging people by stereotyping them makes things hard.D.Trying to learn about and form som

13、e kinds of them stereotypes.【答案】30.D 31.D 32.A 33,A【解析】模式化观念就是我们把人们放在某一个群体里，产生固有印象。模式化观念既有优点，也有缺点。优点是它能使我们迅速处理各种情况，简化社会世界；缺点是它会让我们忽视每个个体之间的差异。【30题详解】推理判断题。根据短文第一段的内容可知，作者先从生活中的事例出发，目的是给读者引出模式化观念这一概念，然后对它进行具体的介绍。D 选项符合文意，故选D。3 1 题详解】推理判断题。根据短文第三段“One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to

14、 deal with situations rapidlybecause we may have had a similar experience before.M可知，模式化观念的一个优点是使我们根据以前的相似经历，快速处理各种情况。结合生活常识可知，红色会起到警告的作用，D 选项符合文意，故 选 D。A、B和 C 三项都是模式化观念产生的不好的影响。【32题详解】词义猜测题。根据语境It makes us ignore differences between each single person,that is,we usually think all thepeople in one g

15、roup are the same but that might not be true.v 它使我们 每个个体之间的差异，认为一个群体里所有人都是一样的”，由此可猜测ignore意 为“忽视”，即“没能注意到”，故选Ac3 3 题详解】主旨大意题。根据短文第三段“One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to deal with situations rapidlybecause we may have had a similar experience before.M可知，这里介绍了模式化观念的优点；再根据第四段Although

16、 grouping itself isnt bad,it can be harmful som etim es.可知，模式化观念也有缺点。A 选 项“每个硬币都有两面”符合文意，故选A。B 和 C 两个选项太片面；D 选项不符合文意。BSouth China Mall Shopping Coupons（优惠券）Six Hours free parkingIf you spend 100 or more in our stores,you will receive six hours of free parking.Take this coupon to theservice desk on t

17、he fourth floor to stamp（盖章）！Buy one,get one freeBuy one shirt or tie at Daniels Menswear,and get another shirt or tie of the same value free.Hurry!Offer endsNovember 14.Offer limited to one per customer.W inaY l,000 CD CollectionWin your choice of 1,000 worth of CDs from DJ Music Store.Just buy any

18、 two CDs and your name will gointo the competition.Choose your own prize from our many kinds of rock,pop,jazz,and classical music.10%OffShow this coupon at the Book Store to get a 10%off on any books you buy.We have lots of books to choosefrom,including childrens books,novels and travel guides.Youre

19、 sure to find something that you will enjoy.Free soft drinkBuy any meal for at least 50 at Mikes Cafe,and receive a free soft drink.We serve the best hamburgers andsnacks in the mall.Come in and try our delicious meals and our excellent service.You wont be disappointed!Half-price movie ticketsBuy an

20、y full-price movie ticket on Tuesday or Wednesday,and you can buy a second ticket for a friend for onlya half price.The latest movies are all here.21.If you spend Y 100 or more in the store,you can get.A.a free shirt B.a free stampC.a free book D.a coupon of free parking22.If you go to the Book Stor

21、e,you can c h o o s e.A.shirts B.meals C.Childrens books D.movie tickets23.Linda wants to have a free soft drink,she can go to.A.Mikes Cafe B.Daniels MenswearC.the Books Store D.DJ Music Store【答案】21.D 22.C 23.A【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了华南购物广场优惠券的一些信息和情况。2 1 题详解】细节理解题。根据第 1 大段*If you spend Y 100 or more in o

22、ur stores,you will receive six hours of free parking.,如果你消费100元以上在我们商店，你能享受6 个小时的免费停车。可知，故选D。2 2 题详解】细节理解题。根据第 4 大 段“We have lots of books to choose from,including childrens books,novels and travelguides.我们有很多书籍可以选择，包括儿童书，小说和旅游指南。可知，故选C。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据第 5 大 段 Buy any meal for at least 50 at Mikes Ca

23、fe,and receive a free soft drink.”在M汰 e，sCa隹可以享受免费的不含酒精的饮料。可知，故选A。CYou Are What You EatGenetic（基因的）engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a living thing.It allows scientiststo identify specific genes,to remove them from a living things chromosomes（染色体）,improve them,analyze t

24、hem,and possibly clone them,and to then reinsert the changed gene into the original living thing,or a completely differentliving things.Unlike traditional breeding（繁殖）,where a desired quality would be bred within the same kind of livingthings,genetic engineering can insert desired ones into living t

25、hings of different kinds.Wow.did you catch that?Genetic engineering creates many positive contributions to agriculture.For example,by genetically engineered（GE）foods,anti-cancer agents,minerals and vitamins can be increased.Improved taste,shelflife,and better transportare all possible.Also,GE plants

26、 can increase pest and bacterial resistance（抵抗力）,therefore,making the food safefor the consumers.But some argue that the possible negative effects outweigh the positives,and critics are starting to voice theirworries.Unlike Europe,in the United States labeling（贝占标签）is not required on genetically eng

27、ineered foods or onfoods that contain genetically engineered products.Most Americans do not realize that they are,in fact,eating GEfoods.The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks.With limited understanding of genes,scientistscannot predict possible effects.Because most genes introd

28、uced into GE plants come from sources not introduced intothe human body,it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions.Moreover,due to the lack of labeling,if allergies（过敏）develop,it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them.There is also a major moral question in many minds.For

29、many,the conflict is not if it is safe or not,but it disturbsthem because it is unnatural and unnecessary.We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of foodneeded to feed the world,yet one in seven people are starving.So GE food is unnecessary,and fails to address the rootof hunger.M

30、any believe that the only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it.Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods,yet we eat them every day without even knowing it.We already have enough food,so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us,to the Earth and

31、to allwildlife?I think that the benefits are amazing,but until we know fbr sure how these foods will affect us,they are notworth the risk.27.According to the passage,traditional breeding is different from genetic engineering b e c a u s e.A.traditional breeding changes the genes in the same kind of

32、living thingsB.traditional breeding takes place within the same kind of living thingsC.traditional breeding is more scientificD.traditional breeding changes the genes in different kinds of living things28.According to Paragraph 5,GE food is unnecessary b e c a u s e.A.customers will benefit from GE

33、foodB.were now producing more food than beforeC.it wont help solve the problem of hunger in the worldD.there are obvious dangers in producing GE food29 What is the writers writing purpose?A.To introduce genetic engineerings positive contributions to agriculture.B.To welcome genetic engineering and G

34、E food.C.To discuss the differences between GE food and other food.D To tell people to keep GE food off before their influence on us is clear.【答案】27.B 28.C 29.D【解析】本文主要介绍了基因工程技术。基因工程可以将所需的生物转化为不同物种的生物，它为农业做出了巨大的贡献。而转基因食品是不必要的，因为它不会帮助解决世界上的饥饿问题，并且还可能存在一些隐患。【27题详解】细节理解题。根据文中 Unlike traditional breedin

35、g（繁殖），where a desired quality would be bred within the samekind of living things.与传统育种不同，在传统繁殖中，期望的品质将在同一种生物中培育。可知选项B 叙述的和原文一致，故选B。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据文中的句子 We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feedthe world,yet one in seven people are starving.可知 GE food 还不能解决世界饥饿

36、问题。故选 C。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据文章的最后 段中的句子 1 think that the benefits are amazing,but until we know for sure howthese foods will affect us,they are not worth the risk.作者说，GE food好处是惊人的，但是在我们确定这些食物会对我们产生什么影响之前，它们不值得冒这个险。可知作者是在告诉人们在转基因食品对我们的影响变得明显之前不要食用。故选D。DRound eyes,round head,round ears,round body!What is

37、this lovely little animal?He looks like a bear.But he isnot a bear.Hes a KOALA.People in Australia love koalas and take care of them.They have set up places for them to live safely.No one cankill them for their pretty fur.When a koala is born,he has no fur.And he is not as big as your little toe!The

38、 motherkoala has a pocket in the front of her body.The baby goes into this warm pocket.There he stays for six months.When the baby leaves the pocket,he has much fur.And he is about as big as your shoe.He climbs to his mothersback.He rides there while she teaches him how to find food.Mrs.Koala is a l

39、oving mother.She takes good care of herbaby.But when he is bad,she beats him!The baby cries just as a small child does.If he keeps on crying,his motherbeats him again.When he stops crying,she takes him in her arms.And then they both go to sleep for a while.The koala could not live without a special

40、kind of tree.The tree gives him both his home and his food.For mostof the day,the koala sleeps in the tree.At night,the koala looks for food.He may go miles to find it.He likes only the bark（树皮）and the leaves of thetree.He eats nothing else.And he eats more than two pounds each night!Its a pity that

41、 thousands of koalas were killed by bush fires months ago in Australia.We should protect theenvironment and care more about wildlife,and then we will see the smiling faces of lovely koalas again,59.People in Au s t r a l i a.A.set up places for koalas to live safely B.put koalas in the treeC.raise b

42、aby koalas in their pockets D.keep koalas in their homes60.Koalas cannot live without a special kind of tree b e c a u s e.A.they have to keep cool under the tree B.they eat the fruit on the treeC.they live in the tree and get food from it D.they stay in the tree all the time61.Which of the followin

43、g is True according to the passage?A.Koalas only live in Australia and we should protect them.B.Australians look after koalas al home and give them enough food.C.Thousands of koalas hid themselves safely in the bush fires months ago.D.There are no differences between our food and koalas food.【答案】59.

44、A 60.C 61.A【解析】本文主要介绍了考拉的一些生活习性。【59题详解】细节理解题。根据第2 大段“They have set up places for them to live safely.他们为它们搭建安全居住的地方。可知，故选A。6 0 题详解】细节理解题。根据第4 大段“The tree gives him both his home and his food.”这种树给他家和食物。可知，考拉不仅能住在这种树上也能在树上得到食物。故选C,6 1 题详解】推理判断题。根据第2 大 段 They have set up places for them to live safely

45、.澳大利亚人为它们搭建安全居住的地方，再根据第 6 大段Its a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush fires months ago in Australia.Weshould protect the environment and care more about wildlie”很遗憾澳大利亚的数千只考拉因为数月前的大火死了，我们应该保护自然和野生动物。根据常识可知，考拉只生活在澳大利亚，我们应该保护它们是正确的，故 A 正确；根据第4 大段“The tree gives him both his home and his

46、fbod.”这种树给他家和食物。可知，考拉住在树上而不是家里，故 B 错误；根据第 6 大段“It，s a pity that thousands of koalas were killed by bush firesmonths ago in Australia.”很遗憾澳大利亚的数千只考拉因为数月前的大火死了，可知，不是藏起来了，故 C错误；根据第5 大段“He likes only the bark（树皮）and the leaves of the tree.“他只喜欢树皮和树叶，可知，考拉的食物和我们的食物有很大的差别，故 D 错误。故选A。Doctor Seuss was bom i

47、n 1904.By the middle 1950s,he had become one of the best-loved and most successfulchildrens book writers in the world.His books are very popular with young readers.They enjoy the invented wordsand the pictures of unusual funny animals and plants.In 1954,life magazine published a report about school

48、children who could not read.The report said manychildrens books were not interesting.Doctor Seuss strongly hoped to help children and decided to write books thatwere interesting and easy to read.He used words with the same ending sound,like fish and wish.He did not receivetraining in art.Yet,he drew

49、 the pictures for most of his books.In 1957,Dr.Seuss wrote The Cat in the Hat.He used less than 230 words to write the book and even asix-year-old should be able to read it.It was a fun story and easy to read.Children loved it.Their parents loved it,too.Today it is still one of the stories they like

50、 best.The success of The Cat in the Hat made him want to write more booksfor children.In 1960,he wrote a book using less than fifty words.The book is called Green Eggs and Ham.In 1984,Doctor Seuss won a Pulitzer Prize（普利策奖）.He was honored for the education and enjoyment hisbooks provided American ch