高中英语语法大全分词法和句法.pdf
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1、高中英语语法大全第 一 部 分 词 法第1章 主 谓 一 致一.概念:主谓一致是指:1)语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2)意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3)就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:The re is much wate r in the the rmos.但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Te n thousand tons of coal we re produce d last ye ar.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语
2、时谓语用复数,例如:Re ading and writing are ve ry important.读写彳艮重要。注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:The iron and ste e l industry is ve ry important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题The Le ague se cre tary and monitor_ _ _ aske d to make a spe e chat the me e ting.A.is B.was
3、 C.are D.we re答 案 B.注:先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C o 本题易误选D,因为The Le ague se cre taryand monitor好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用a n d 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。2.主谓一致中的靠近原则1)当 the re be句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:The re is a pe n,a knife and se ve ral b ooks on the de sk.桌上有
4、一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。The re are twe nty b oy-stude nts and twe nty-thre e girl-stude ntsin the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。2)当 e ithe r or 与 ne ithe r nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由he re,the re 引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:Eithe r you or she is to go.不是你去,就是她去。He re is a pe n,a fe w e nve lops and some pape
5、 r for you.给你笔、信封和纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致当主语有 with,toge the r with,like,e xce pt,b ut,no le ss than,as we ll a s 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:The te ache r toge the r with some stude nts is visiting thefactory.教师和一些学生在参观工厂。He as we ll as I wants to go b oating.他和我想去划船。4.谓语需用单数的情况1)代词e ach以及由e ve ry,some,no,a
6、ny等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有e ach,e ve iy时,谓语需用单数。例如:Each of us has a tape-re corde r.我们每人都有录音机。The re is some thing wrong with my watch.我的表坏了。2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:The A rab ian Night is a b ook known to love rs of English.天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:Thre e we
7、 e ks was allowe d for making the ne ce ssarypre parations.用三个星期来做准备。Te n yuan is e nough.十元够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数1)代词 what,which,who,none,some,any,more,most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:A ll is right.一切顺利。A ll are pre se nt.人都到齐了。2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family,audie nce,cre w,crowd,class,company,committ
8、e e 等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:His family isnt ve ry large.他家成员不多。His family are music love rs.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。但集合名词pe ople,police,cattle,poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:A re the re any police around?附近有警察吗?3)有些名词,如 varie ty,numb e r,population,proportion,majority等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:A numb e r of+
9、名词复数+复数动词。The numb e r of+名词复数+单数动词。A numb e r of b ooks have le nt out.The majority of the stude nts 1 ike English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用 half of,most of,none of,he aps of,lots of,ple nty of等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:Most of his mone y is spe nt on b ooks.他大部分的钱化在书上了。Most of the stude nts are ta
10、king an active part in sports.大部分学生积极参与体育运动。2)用 a portion of,a se rie s of,a pile of,a pane l of 等弓|起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:A se rie s of accide nts hasb e e n re porte d.媒体报道了一连串的事故。A pile of lots was se t b e side the he arth.炉边有一堆木柴。3)如many a或more than o n e所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than o f作主语时,动词应
11、与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:Many a pe rson has re ad the nove l.许多人读过这本书。More than 60 pe rce nt of the stude nts are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。三.巩固练习()1.The numb e r of pe ople invite d fifty,b uta numb e r of the m ab se nt for diffe re nt re asons.A.we re,was B.was,wasC.was,we reD.we re,we re)2.E-mail,as
12、 we ll as te le phone s,animportant part in daily communication.A.is playing B.have playe dC.are playing D.play()3.of the land in that districtcove re d with tre e s and grass.A.Two fifth,is B.Two fifth,areC.Two fifths,is D.Two fifths,are()4.Te n minute s a long time for one who waits.A.se e m B.se
13、e msC.se e me d D.are se e me d()5.Eric is the only one of the b oys w h o a driving1 ice nse.A.has B.haveC.is having D.are having,()6.Joy and Sorrow ne xt-door ne ighb ours.A.is B.are C.we re D.b e()7.In my opinion,some of the ne wsunb e lie vab le.A.arehave b e e n()8.W he nB.is C.has b e e n D.th
14、e Unite d Nations founde d?A.is B.are C.was D.we re)9.Eve ry possib le me ans .A.has trie d B.has b e e n trie dC.was trie d D.we re trie d)10.W hat she says and doe s nothing to do withme.A.wasB.we re C.has D.have)11.T h e r e a dictionary and se ve ral b ooks on thede sk.A.areB.must C.have b e e n
15、 D.is)12.Nob ody _ _ _ _ _ _se e n the film.It s a pity.A.b ut Tom and Jack have B.e xce pt Tomand Jack haveC.b ut my frie nds has D.b ut I have)13.No te ache r and no stude nt _ _ _ _ _ _.A.are admitte dB.is admitte dC.are admittingD.isadmitting)14.A l 1 b ut one he re just now.A.isB.wasC.has b e e
16、 nD.we re)15.W he n and whe re to b uild the ne w factory ye t.A.is not de cide d B.are notde cide dC.has not de cide d D.have notde cide d()16.The write r and singe r he re.A.is B.are C.we re D.do()17.A s I have a me e ting at four,te n m i n u t e s allthat I can spare to talk with you.A.are B.was
17、 C.is D.we re()18.In those days John with his classmate ske pt b usy pre paring for the e xam.A.is B.areC.was D.we re)1 9.your clothe s?-No,mine _ _ _ _ _ hanging ove r the re.A.Is it,is B.A re the se,areC.Is it,are D.A re the se,is()2 0.The Smith s family,whichrathe r a large one,ve ry fond of the
18、ir old house s.A.we re,we re B.was,wasC.we re,was D.was,we re()2 1.W hat the te ache r and the stude nts want to saythat e ithe r of the countrie s b e autiful.A.are,are B.is,isC.are,is D.is,are()2 2.He is the only one of the stude nts who awinne r of scholarship for thre e ye ars.A.is B.areC.have b
19、 e e n D.has b e e n()2 3.of my b rothe rs are re porte rs.Cove ringe ve nts,me e tings,or sports me e tings the ir duty.A.Each,are B.Both,isC.Ne ithe r,are D.None,is()2 4.-W hat do you think of the of the coat?-It s rathe r high.You can b uy a che ape r one inthat shop.A.value B.cost C.price D.use(
20、)2 5.-A re the two answe rs corre ct?-N o,c o r r ec t.A.no one isB.b oth are notC.ne ithe r isD.e ithe r is not)2 6.The wind,toge the rwithrain andfog,making sailing difficult.A.have b e e nB.wasC./D/are四.答案l.C 2.A 3.C4.B5.A6.7.8.9.B 10.C11.D12.C13.B14.15.16.17.C 18.C19.B2 0.D2 1.B2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.B
21、BCDAADBCC 2 6.B第2章 动 词 的 时 态一.概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有1 6种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语:e ve ry,some time s,at,on Sunday。例如:I le ave home for school at 7 e ve ry mo
22、rning.每天早上我七点离开家。2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:The e arth move s around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lie s in the e ast of China.上海位于中国东部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:Pride goe s b e fore a fall.骄者必败。注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columb us prove d that the e arth is round.哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:I dont want
23、so much.我不要那么多。A nn write s good English b ut doe s not spe ak we ll.安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my home work now.我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。2.一般过去时的用法1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状 语 有:ye ste rday,last
24、 we e k,an hour ago,the othe r day,in1982等。例如:W he re did you go just now?刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:W he n I was a child,I ofte n playe d footb all in the stre e t.我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。W he ne ve r the Browns we nt during the ir visit,the y we re give na warm we lcome.那 时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。
25、3)句 型:It is time for sb.to do sth 到.时间了“该.了。例 如:It is time for you to go to b e d.你该睡觉 了。It is time that sb.did sth.”时间已迟了“早该.了“,例如 It is time you we nt to b e d.你早该睡觉了。would(had)rathe r sb.did s t h.表 示“宁愿某人做事”例 如:Id rathe r you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4)wish,wonde r,think,hope等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般
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