高三英语阅读理解解题技巧与专练——主旨细节类.pdf

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1、高三英语阅读理解解题技巧与专练P a r ti主旨细节题【考纲解读】掌握文章段落主旨，能理解表达主旨的英文表达。题目一般以What does thewriter mainly mean?等类似句式出现。掌握捕捉文章细节的能力。细节是信息的载体，弄清了细节才能把握文章主旨。其题目常以Which is true?等句式出现。【知识模块整合】阅读测试题大多针对段落的subject（主题），全文的main idea（中心思想），文章的title（题目），或作者的purpose（目的意图）来考主旨大意。一、考查段落主题段落的主旨大意常常由主题句体现出来（有一些故事性题材的文章没有主题句）。主题句通常有四

2、个特点：概括性；统一性（段落中各句均围绕中心进行阐述）；连贯性（不仅和整段意义统一，而且在时态、语态、人称和数等语法问题上保持一致，这更是科技英语行文的特性）；简沽性（主题句的结构较简单，一般不用复杂的长句或难句）。考查主题句的题干一般常见的有：The main idea of paragraph 1 is.Paragraph 2 deals with.Paragraph 3 tells us.The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on.Which of the following statements is best sup

3、ported by the last paragraph?What is the subject discussed?主题句一般在段首，也可置于段中或段末。若主题句在段首，则后面的句子遵循“从一般到个别”的写作程序，既先立论，后摆事实道理。若主题句在段末，则先描述，后概括。有时候第一句是承前启后的句子；或者先进行细节描写再概括，然后再进行陈述。这两种情况下主题句在第一句之后或在段落中间。有时，一篇文章或一段文字中可能出现两个意义相近，互相强化的主题句。二、考查全文的中心思想这类题难度较大，它挖掘的是隐形的、深层的含义，必须吃透文章内容才能做出来。全文中心足各段主旨之和，因此做好此类题目的根本依

4、然是抓住段落主旨。其常见题干有：The story mainly tells us.The writer wants to tell usFrom the passage we know that三、考查文章的标题答好这类题要求我们有较好的概括能力。文章的标题必须是对文章主旨的高度概括，要简洁、醒啊、适耳、中的一般的题干有：The best title of this passage is,Which of the following can be the title?四、考查作者的目的、意图这类题目虽难，但是相对来讲较第二类题好做一些，因为其答案往往是显性的、表层的。其题干常用以下结构：Th

5、is article is particularly written for.When the writer says.he really means.The author*s attitude to.is t hat.What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage?The writer regards.as.I he writers purpose in writing this story is.The writer thinks that.如前所述，主题句表达段落的主要思想。但是，主题句并不是段

6、落的全部内容。段落的全部内容除主题概括的主要思想外，还包括段落中的每一个句子所包含的具体信息。具体信息是为段落的统一思想服务的，也就是说，有了具体的材料如事实、例证等才能将段落中心思想解释清楚，阐述明白。为了便于读者掌握段落主题，作者往往根据段落的要求和自己的意图，按照一定的思维模式，通过一定的语言手段，把分散的、复杂的材料组织在一起，使它们之间具有密切相关的内在联系，成为一个结构严谨、层次分明、形式与内容一致的语义整体。作者用具体的事实、事件、例证、理由等记叙、描述、说明或论证段落中心思想叫做段落展开；按照人们的思维方式把具体的细节组织在一起叫做段落模式。了解和掌握了段落模式有助于我们迅速抓

7、住具体信息，加深对段落主题思想的理解，从而提高阅读速度和理解能力。作者组织具体信息的模式是多方面的，常见的有下列几种：时间型段落；空间位置型段落；例证型段落；程序型段落；因果型段落；比较、对比型段落。【能力模块突破】一篇短文围绕其中心或某一话题展开，需要通过各种方法来说明、表现中心话题。细节是构成文章的血肉。阅读理解题多数是依据文章细节来命题的。某个细节可能是一个题的答案，也可能一个答案需要对多个细节进行综合才能得出。细节题还包括对平时细小的知识点的考核。弄清细节还是正确把握文章主旨意图的前提。-、文章中细节的类型在一篇文章中，细节一般有五种类型：描写性细节、事实性细节、说明性细节、比较或对比

8、性细节、说理性细节。1.描写性细节：这类细节往往用来传递某种情绪与感情，某种印象，或叙述亲眼目睹的一些经历。2.事实性细节：指作者在叙述某事时使用的事实和数据。3.说明性细节：以解说或介绍的方式说明事物，或告诉人们如何做某事。这类细节条理清楚，过渡自然，因此在这类细节中常出现一些过渡词。如：first,second,third,finally,also,for example,for instance,otherwise,moreover,therefore,on the contrary,on the other hand,then,now 等等。4.比较或对比性细节：对比是指出同类事物中的

9、不同之处，而比较则是把两种或多种事物相比较指出其相同的地方。5.说理性细节：为了使主题思想为读者所接受，往往需要陈述理由。一个细节类理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节来设题，但是在加上有关的选项后，有可能涉及到若干个细节。其题型多种多样，几乎没有固定模式。下面列举部分常见的细节题干:(1)The right order which tells the story is.(2)Choose the right order of the events given in the following.(3)Which statement is true?(4)Which of the following

10、statements is false?(5)All the following statements are(not)true except.(6)The writer(author)mentions all of the items listed below except.(7)In this paragraph,we find support for all of the following statementsexcept.(8)The statements made by the author are based on.(9)The author informs(tells us)t

11、hat.做好细节题的关键一是要弄清题干的意思，二是要读懂相关的细节内容。在选择答案时要运用“分析、推理、对比、判断”等思维方式，特别要运用好“排中律”来进行判断选择。【典型考题归类训练】（1）（2006 湖南卷 D）The discovery of a dwarfed（矮个的）human being who lived in Flores,Indonesia,up to 18,000 years ago is changing the way we think about the humanfamily.This Flores Human was three foot tall and her

12、 brain was smaller than that ofthe average chimp（黑夜猩猩），yet she and her relatives apparently lived fully humanlives.They seem to have made tools,worked together to find food and cook it,andperhaps even buried their dead with ceremony.It was a major surprise to find tools associated with the new human

13、 familymember.The tools are like those formerly seen only with European fossils（化石）from our own species,Homo sapiens（智人），and the oldest of them were made94,000 years ago.Homo sapiens is thought to have arrived in the island about 40,000years ago,much too late to be responsible for the tools,if this

14、tiny human made thetools,then the inside structure（结构）of its brain must have been more like our ownthan a chimps,despite being just a third the size of ours.This”new human*1 was suspected to be a dwarfed branch of Homo erectus（直立人）.When creatures are separated in regions with rare resources but few

15、enemies,being big is a disadvantage,and evolution tends to shrink them,a process known asisland dwarfing.Could natural selection make a human smaller while keeping-evenimproving-mental ability?Quite possibly,believes Christopher Wills of theUniversity of California.Has the Flores Human even shown th

16、e ability of language?I find it difficult toimagine that people could make tools,use fire,and kill large animals without fairlyadvanced communication.Wills says.Did Flores Human possess the basiccomponents of human culture such as the burying of the dead with ceremony?Emiliano Bruner of the Italian

17、Institute points out that Indonesias hot,wetenvironment is bad for fossilization.It is reasonable to assume,he says,that the18,000-year-old bones of the most complete Flores woman were well-preservedbecause she was buried with special care.1.According to the passage,Flores H u ma n .A.lived a partly

18、 human lifeB.was a branch of Homo sapiensC.used tools before Homo sapiens arrivedD.had a brain as large as a common chimps2.The underlined part this tiny human in Paragraph 2 refers to.A.a chimp B.Flores HumanC.Homo sapiens D.Homo erectus3.This passage mainly talks aboutA.the tools made by Flores Hu

19、manB.the language used by HFlores HumanC.the evolution of Flores HumanD.the major surprising findings about Flores Human”4.According to the passage,it is believed that MFlores H u ma n .A.was dwarfed by its enemiesB.could use languageC.left a lot of fossils in the hot and wet environmentD.reached Fl

20、ores 40,000 years ago（2）（2006 陕西卷 A）For centuries,the only form of written correspondence（通信）was the letter.Letters were,and are,sent by some form of postal service,the history of which goesback a long way.Indeed,the Egyptians began sending letters from about 2000 BC,asdid the Chinese a thousand yea

21、rs later.Of course,modern postal services now are much more developed and faster,depending as they do on cars and planes for delivery.Yet they are still too slow fbrsome people to send urgent documents（紧急文件）and letters.The invention of the fax（传真）machine increased the speed of deliveringdocuments ev

22、en more.When you send a fax,you are sending a copy of a piece ofcorrespondence to someone by telephone service.It was not until the early 1980s thatsuch a service was developed enough for businesses to be able to fax documents toeach other.The fax service is still very much in use when copies of doc

23、uments require to besent,but,as a way of fast correspondence,it has been largely taken the place of byemail.Email is used to describe messages sent from one computer user to another.There are advantages and disadvantages with emails,If you send someone anemail,then he will receive it extremely quick

24、ly.Normal postal services are ratherslow as for as speed of delivery is concerned.However,if you write something by email,which you might later regret,andsend it immediately,there is no chance for second thoughts.At least,if you areposting a letter you have to address and seal（封）the envelope and tak

25、e it to the postbox.There is plenty of time to change your mind.The message is think before youemail!1.We can learn from the text t hat.A.email is less popular than the fax serviceB.the postal service has over the years become fasterC.the postal service has over the years become slowerD.the fax serv

26、ice has a history as long as the postal service doe;:2.It can be inferred from the text t hat.A.the fax service had been fully developed by the 1980sB.letters have been used in China for about 1,000 yearsC.the fax machine was invented after the 1980sD.letters have been used in Egypt fbr about 2,000

27、years3.In the last paragraph,the writer mentions think before you email to showt hat.A.you may regret if you dont seal your envelopeB.you may regret before you send something by e-mailC.youd better not send your email in a hurryD.you need plenty of time to send an email4.The text mainly deals wi t h

28、.A.the progress in correspondence B.the advantage of fax machinesC.the advantage of emails D.the invention of fax machines（3）（2006 重庆卷 A）When I was in the third grade,I was picked to be the princess（公主）in the schoolplay.For weeks my mother had helped me practice my lines.But once on stage,everyword

29、disappeared from my head.Then my teacher told me she had written a narrators（解说者的）part for the play,and asked me to change roles.Though I didn*t tell mymother what had happened that day,she sensed my unhappiness and asked if I wantedto take a walk in the yard.It was a lovely spring day,We could see

30、dandelions（蒲公英）popping throughthe grass in bunches,as if a painter had touched our landscape with bits of gold.Iwatched my mother carelessly bend down by one of the bunches.I think I am goingto dig up all these weeds,she said.From now on,well have only roses in thisgarden.But I like dandelions,I pro

31、tested.All flowers are beautiful-even dandelions!*My mother looked at me seriously.MYes,every flower gives pleasure in its ownway,doesnt it?she asked thoughtfully.I nodded.And that is true of people,too,she added.When I realized that she had guessed my pain,I started to cry and told her thetruth.But

32、 you will be a beautiful narrator,she said,reminding me of how much Iloved to read stories aloud to her.Over the next few weeks,with her continuous encouragement,I learned to takepride in the role.The big day finally came.A few minutes before the play,my teachercame over to me.Your mother asked me t

33、o give this to you J she said,handing me adandelion.After the play,I took home the flower,laughing that I was perhaps the onlyperson who would keep such a weed.1.The girl did not play the role of the princess mainly b e c a u s e.A.she felt nervous on the stageB.she lost her interest in that roleC.s

34、he preferred the role of the narratorD.she had difficulty memorizing her words2.Why did the mother suggest a walk in the garden?A.To remove the dandelions.B.To enjoy the garden scene.C.To have a talk with her daughter.D.To help her daughter with the play.3.What is the main idea of the story?A.Everyb

35、ody can find his or her own way to success.B.Everybody has his or her own value in the world.C.Everybody should learn to play different roles.D.Everybody has some unforgettable memory.（4）（2006 重庆卷 E）The flag,the most common symbol（象征）of a nation in the modem world,isalso one of the most ancient.With

36、 a clear symbolic meaning,the flag in thetraditional form is still used today to mark buildings,ships and other vehicles relatedto a country.The national flag as we know it today is in no way a primitive（原始的）artifact.It is,rather,the product of thousands of years development.Historians believe that

37、ithad two major ancestors,of which the earlier served to show wind direction.Early human beings used very fragile houses and boats.Often strong windswould tear roofs from houses or cause high waves that endangered travelers.Peoplesfood supplies were similarly vulnerable.Even after they had learned h

38、ow to plantgrains,they still needed help from nature to ensure good harvests.Therefore theyfeared and depended on the power of the wind,which could bring warmth from onedirection and cold from another.Using a simple piece of cloth tied to the top of a post to tell the direction of thewind was more d

39、ependable than earlier methods,such as watching the rising of smokefrom a fire.The connection of the flag with heavenly power was therefore reasonable.Early human societies began to fix long pieces of cloth to the tops of totems（图腾）before carrying them into battle.They believed that the power of the

40、 wind would beadded to the good wishes of the gods and ancestors represented by the totemsthemselves.These flags developed very slowly into modern flags.The first known flag of anation or a ruler was unmarked:The king of China around 1000 B.C.was known tohave a white flag carried ahead of him.This p

41、ractice might have been learned fromEgyptians even further in the past,but it was from China that it spread over traderoutes through India,then across Arab lands,and finally to Europe,where it met upwith the other ancestor of the national flag.1.The best title for the passage would be.A.Development

42、of the National Flag B.Power of the National FlagC.Types of Flags D.Uses of Flags2.The underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 means.A.impossible to make sure of B.likely to be protectedC.easy to damage D.difficult to find3.The earliest flags were connected with heavenly power b e c a u s e.A.they

43、 could tell wind directionB.they could bring good luck to fightersC.they were handed down by the ancestorsD.they were believed to stand for natural forces4.What does the author know of the first national flag?A.He knows when it was sent to Europe.B.He believes it was made in Egypt.C.He thinks it cam

44、e from China.D.He doubts where it started.5.What will the author most probably talk about next?A.The role of China in the spread of the national flag.B.The second ancestor of the national flag.C.The use of modern flags in Europe.D.The importance of modem flags.（5）（2006 湖北卷 B）Have you ever received a

45、 gift that was so clearly,not your taste that youwondered if perhaps it had been handed to you by mistake.?Worse,have you evergiven a present and watched your friend look as though she had opened the wrongbox?Maybe she responded with a polite Why,thank you,but you knew you hadmissed the mark.Why do

46、presents sometimes go wrong?And what do your choices（good and bad）reflect about your personal qualities?Choosing the right gift is an art,I believe.It calls for empathy the ability to putyourself into someone elses head and heart.Were all able to do this,in fact,wereborn with a kind of natural empat

47、hy.After the earliest period of childhood,however,itneeds to be reinforced（力 口 强）一by our parents,teachers,friends.When it isnt,werenot able to understand other peoples feelings as sharply.This can show in the gifts weselect,and so can many other emotional（情感的）qualities.Think back to the presents you

48、ve given over the past year,the time and effortyou put into your selection,how much you spent,your thoughts while you wereshopping,and your feelings when the receiver opened the package.Keep in mind thatwhat you choose displays.Your inner world.Of course,you may express yourself differently with dif

49、ferentfriends,relatives,and other people you know.We live in a society where exchanging presents is an important part ofcommunication.Ignoring the tradition wont make it go away.If you really dislikesuch a tradition,tell your friends ahead of time.1.The underlined expression*you had missed the mark

50、means you had failedtoA.make her feel better B.keep your friendshipC.receive a present in return D.get the expected effect2.Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?A.Natural empathy needs to be reinforced.B.Emotional changes influence ones choice of gifts.C.Selecting the righ