Linguistics语言学归纳_外语学习-英语读物.pdf

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1、Linguistics 1.The scope of linguistics:(a branch of linguistics that.)phonetics（语音学）:the study of linguistic speech sounds,how they are produced,how they are perceived,and their physical properties.(study of the phonic medium of language)phonology:（音位学）the study of how speech sounds in a language fo

2、rm patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication.morphology:（形态学）the study of the word structure and word formation.syntax:（句法学）is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.semantics:(语义学)the study of linguistic me

3、aning.pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies the context of language use to effect successful communication.Some distinctions in linguistics:1)Prescriptive&descriptive Prescriptive:aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use Descriptive:aims to lay down rules for“corr

4、ect&standard”behavior in using language.(doctor)欢迎下载 2 2)Synchronic&diachronic 共时的&历时的 Synchronic:the description of a language at some point of time in history.Diachronic:the description of a language as it changes through time.3)Langue&parole 语言&言语 Langue:refers to the abstract linguistic system s

5、hared by all the members of a speech community.Parole:refers to the realization of language in actual use.4)Competence&performance 语言能力&语言运用 Competence:the ideal user s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance:the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Design feat

6、ures of language:1)arbitrariness:（任意性）means there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.2)Productivity:it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.3)Duality:（双重性）duality of structure or double articulation of language enables users to talk about a

7、nything within their knowledge.4)Displacement:language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.不受时空限制 5)Cultural transmission 文化传播（eg:狼孩）化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 3 2.Functi

8、ons of language:1)Descriptive function:it is the function to convey factual information,which can be asserted or denied,and in some cases even verified.2)Expressive function:supplies information about the user s feelings,preferences,prejudices and values.3)Social function:serves to establish and mai

9、ntain social relations between people.化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 4 Phone:（音素）is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme:（音位）is a phonological unit.It is a unit that is of distinctive value.It is an abstract unit.3.Morphemes 词

10、素 the minimal units of meaning The smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function Free morpheme:a morpheme which can be a word by itself.Bound morpheme:a morpheme must be attached to another one.Derivational morphemes：(衍生词素)the morphemes which change the category or gra

11、mmatical class of words.They are conjoined to other morphemes/words,new words are derived or formed.(-en,-ate,-ic,-ous,-ly,-tion,-sive,-er)标出 Inflectional morphemes:(曲折词素)they are attached to words or morphemes,but they never change their syntactic category.(-s,-er,-est,-ed,-ing)标出 4.Category:refers

12、 to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence,a noun phase or a verb.Non-traditional categories:determiner(Det)限定词,degree(Deg),qualifier(Qua)Phrase elements:specifiers,complements(XP Rule),modifiers.Deep structure:formed by th

13、e XP rule in accordance with the head s subcategorization properties.没变形 陈述句 Surface structure 化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 5 5.Lexical meaning:Sense:is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form,the collecti

14、on of all its features;it is abstract and de-contextualized.Eg:dog-general meaning of dog,features Reference:means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world.Eg；One particular/certain dog existent in the situation,known to each other 6.Context:it is generally considered as constitut

15、ed by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.(John Firth)Speech act theory:(John Austin)Locutionary act:（言内行为）is the act of uttering words,phrases and clauses.Illocutionary act:(言外之意)is the act of expressing the speaker s intention;it is the act of performed in saying something.Perlocuti

16、onary act:（言后行为）is the act of performed by or resulting from saying something;it is the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.Cooperative principle-CP(Paul Grice)The maxim of quantity:Say no less than the conversation requires.Say no more than the conversation requires.The maxi

17、m of quality:化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 6 Dont say what you believe to be false.Dont say things for which you lack evidence.The maxim of manner:Dont be obscure.Dont be ambiguous.Be brief.Be orderly.The maxim of relevance

18、:Be relevant.7.Language change Addition of new words:1)Coinage:创新词 Spyware digital camera cyber citizen mouse potato 2)Clipped words:缩略词 Lab-laboratory gym-gymnasium fridge-refrigerator burger-hamburger 3)Blending:紧缩法 Smog-smoke+fog brunch-breakfast+lunch camcorder-camera+recorder 4)Acronyms:首字母缩略词

19、CEO-chief executive officer IT-information technology EU VIP B2B CPI 5)Back-formation:逆构词法 To edit/beg/baby-sit/donate/orient/hawk/aviate/appreciate 6)Function shift n.-v.To knee/bug/tape v.-n.a hold/reject/retreat 化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生

20、词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 7 adj.-v.to cool/narrow/dim/slow 7)Borrowing Bonus tragedy skirt education cycle prince guitar balcony Balloon opera pump tea tofu kowtow sampan zero Kungfu mahjong spaghetti bizarre garage 8)Derivation 派生词 Fixable refusal exciting impressive dislike restate anti-pollution unfa

21、ir realize happiness 9)Compounds 复合词 Bittersweet rainbow spoonfeed sleepwalk inborn off-license Undertake without landlady handover whitewash 8.Register 语域 Field of discourse 话语范围:refers to what is going on:on the area of operation of the language activity.Tenor of discourse 话语基调:refers to the role

22、of relationship in the situation in question:who the participants in the communication groups are and what relationship they stand to each other.Mode of discourse 话语方式:refers to the means of communication.It is concerned with“how”communication is carried out.9.Sapir-whorf hypothesis(SWH)萨丕尔沃尔夫假说 化传播

23、狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 8 Language filters people s perception ang the way they categorize their experiences.10.Language Acquisition Theories of child language acquisition:1)The behaviorist Imitation and practice are pre

24、liminary,and discrimination and generalization are crucial to language development.(habit-forming)But it fails to explain how children acquire more complex grammatical structures of the language.2)The innatist Language Acquisition device(LAD)Chomsky It proposed that human beings are born with an inn

25、ate ability.It said that the“the black box”contain principles that are universal to all human language.Universal Grammar(UG)3)The interactionist 化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 9 It holds that language develops as a result of

26、 the complex interplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which he grows.motherese child directed speech(CDS)caretaker talk Critical Period Hypothesis(CPH)Eric Lenneberg LAD works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time a specific and limited time

27、 period for language acquisition.Two versions:Strong one suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.The weak holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty.11.Second Language Acqui

28、sition Positive transfer 正迁移 facilitate Negative transfer 负迁移 interfere or hinder Interlanguage 中介语 It was established as learners independent system of the second language,which is of neither the native language nor the second language,but a continuum or approximation from one extreme of his native

29、 language to the other of the second language.Fossilization 石化现象 化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语 欢迎下载 10 It is a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a perso

30、n speaks or writes a language.Acquisition 习得 It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules.Learning 学习 It refers to conscious efforts to learn the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about the rules.化传播狼孩欢迎下载欢迎下载音素音位词素衍生词素标出曲折词素标出限定词没变形陈述句欢迎下载言内行为言外之意言后行为欢迎下载创新词缩略词紧缩法首字母缩略词逆构词法欢迎下载派生词复合词语域话语范围话语基调话语