2023妊娠期糖尿病筛查的方法及评价.docx
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1、2023妊娠期糖尿病筛查的方法及评价【摘要】妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM )是影响 妊娠结局的主要危险因素之一,与母儿近、远期不良妊娠结局密切相关。 近年来,随着人们生活水平的提升和饮食习惯的改变,GDM的发病率呈 现逐年增长的趋势,且越来越年轻化,及时筛查并给予有效的干预与治疗 措施是降低GDM发病率及减少妊娠期相关并发症的关键。本文就不同的 GDM的筛查策略进行综合分析,为改善母婴结局提供选择。【关键词】糖尿病,妊娠;筛查;方法;评价;妊娠结局妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM )是指妊娠
2、期间首 次发现或发生的糖代谢异常疾病,可导致子痫前期、高胆红素血症、早产、 巨大儿以及胎儿生长受限等多种不良妊娠结局,并增加患者及其子女远期 肥胖或2型糖尿病的发生风险,严重威胁母儿健康1-2L目前多认为GDM是由妊娠期葡萄糖需求量增加、胰岛素抵抗或胰岛素分 泌相对不足所引起3 L随着人们生活水平的提升和饮食习惯的改变,我国GDM发生率已高达 17.5%,且仍有上升的趋势4加强孕妇GDM筛查并根据筛查结果给予针对性干预和治疗,对改善妊娠萄糖耐量试验作为替代方法34-35 L这两种筛查方法虽然对少数孕妇奏效但似乎敏感度更低且尚未与OGTT 结果或妊娠结局进行充分的比较验证,其筛查结果也未受到美国
3、糖尿病协 会(American Diabetes Association , ADA )或 ACOG 的支持。四、妊娠早期筛查近年来,由于育龄女性的肥胖率不断增加以及缺乏常规的妊娠早期葡萄糖 筛查,患2型糖尿病但未被识别和诊断的女性患者越来越多。据估计,美国1844岁的女性中约有30%存在已确诊或尚未诊断的糖代 谢异常,如2型糖尿病、空腹血糖异常和(或)糖耐量受损等36 1另外有研究表明,孕早期有高血糖的女性娩出先天异常儿的风险增加,并 可能存在未被识别的糖尿病并发症,如肾脏和视网膜病变等37-38 L如 若能及早发现这些问题,则可能受益于妊娠前糖尿病女性所采用的诊断及 治疗的干预。对于初次产
4、检时是否检测未诊断的既存糖尿病,IADPSG指出,应根据该 人群葡萄糖代谢异常的基础发生率及当地情况具体决定39 LADA和ACOG则建议对有危险因素的女性在妊娠早期检查是否有未被诊断的2型糖尿病4, 11 L然而,2014年USPSTF指南表明,对于孕24周前筛查无症状妊娠女性是 否有葡萄糖代谢异常这一做法,现有证据还不足以评估其利弊权衡情况 8L另一方面,包括世界卫生组织、IADPSG以及ADA在内的多个组织均已 同意将首次产检时符合糖尿病标准的女性诊断为显性糖尿病,但具体在 何孕龄时诊断为显性糖尿病或GDM尚无统一定论。五、不同筛查策略与妊娠结局临床证据表明GDM与一系列不良妊娠结局相关
5、,包括子痫前期、剖宫产率、巨大儿和围产儿死亡率等2,40-41 L随着孕妇血糖水平升高,这些不良妊娠结局的风险也相应增加,且这种相 关性是连续性的121采用一步法IADPSG标准筛查的妊娠妇女,其GDM发病率较高,而早 产、剖宫产、巨大儿、新生儿低血糖和新生儿重症监护室入住率等不良事 件的发生风险较采用两步法标准筛查的妇女低21,42-43 L此外,一步法还能发现一些轻症GDM病患,Caissutti等22 纳入分 析了 8项回顾性队列研究的数据后发现,符合一步法IADPSG标准但未 达到两步法标准的孕妇比正常血压妊娠妇女发生不良妊娠结局(如妊娠 高血压、先兆子痫和大于胎龄儿)的风险仍然显著增
6、加,表明一步法发 现轻度GDM孕妇不良妊娠结局的能力高于两步法。综上所述,对GDM筛查策略的研究从未停止,使用的标准比较灵活,争 议也一直存在。GDM属于高危妊娠,可对孕妇自身和后代造成严重健康 威胁和医疗负担,其预防优于治疗。开展全面普及的GDM筛查能够有助 于落实孕期管理,并尽早采取有效且合理的干预或治疗措施,从而减少 GDM的发生和降低严重围产期并发症的风险,改善妊娠结局。虽然当前 国际上对GDM筛查仍未有一个统一的标准,但已有许多学者对该领域展 开了深入的研究。相信在不久的将来,新的灵敏度和分辨率更高的GDM 筛查标志物的开发,能够满足临床对GDM筛查效率和诊断精度的需求。参考文献1
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