2018上海考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

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1、20182018 上海考研英语一真题及答案上海考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,its a necessary condition1manyworthwhile things:child care,friendshi

2、ps,etc.On the other hand,puttingyour2,in the wrong place often carries a high3.4,why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels good.5people place theirtrust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,a hormonethat6pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that promp

3、ts humansto7with one another.Scientists have found that exposure8this hormone putsus in a trusting9:In a Swiss study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the nosesof half the subjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amountsof money to strangers than were their10who inhaled someth

4、ing else.11for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may12us.A Canadianstudy found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate13a credibleperson and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were each14to an adult tester holdinga plastic container.The tester would ask,“Whats in here?”befo

5、re looking intothe container,smiling,and exclaiming,“Wow!”Each subject was then invited tolook15.Half of them found a toy;the other half16the container was empty-andrealized the tester had17them.Among the children who had not been tricked,the majority were18to cooperatewith the tester in learning a

6、new skill,demonstrating that they trusted hisleadership.19,only five of the 30 children paired with the“20”testerparticipated in a follow-up activity.86941.A on B like C for D from2.A faith B concern C attention D interest3.A benefit B debt C hope D price4.A Therefore B Then C Instead D Again5.AUnti

7、l B Unless C Although D When6.A selects B produces C applies D maintains7.A consult B compete C connect D compare8.A at B by Cof Dto9.A context B mood C period D circle10.A counterparts B substitutes C colleagues Dsupporters11.A Funny B Lucky C Odd D Ironic12.A monitor B protect C surprise D delight

8、13.A between B within C toward D over14.A transferred B added C introduced D entrusted15.A out B back C around D inside16.A discovered B proved C insisted D.remembered17.A betrayed Bwronged C fooled D mocked18.A forced B willing C hesitant D entitled19.A In contrast B As a result C On the whole D Fo

9、r instance20.A inflexible B incapable C unreliable D unsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the mi

10、ddle class is one that will probably gounmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robots comefor their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half of U.S.jobs are at high riskof being automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle classdisprop

11、ortionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dontappeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering have aroused their interest,or soon will.The rich own therobots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out th

12、at technological upheaval hasbenefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well forLuddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raisedliving standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automationshould eventually boost productivity,sti

13、mulate demand by driving down prices,andfree workers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workersmay need a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second MachineAge,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums from

14、 grammarschool to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more oncreativity and complex communication.Vocational schools should do a better job offostering problem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots.Onlineeducation can supplement the traditional kind.It cou

15、ld make extra training andinstruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able todo so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S.to reviveits fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.In previou

16、seras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transition bydreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The best uses of 3D printers andvirtual reality havent been invented yet.The U.S.needs the new companies thatwill invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the

17、 gap between capital income andlabor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes on low-wagelabor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit shouldbe expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,reward companies for jobcreation,and reduce inequalit

18、y.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yetthis will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended byautomation.Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts.Butpolicies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.

19、Who will be most threatened by automation?A Leading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the authors view?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from

20、automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onA creative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperativespirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atAencouraging the developmen

21、t of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.Text 2A new

22、 survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americansdisapprove of President Trumps use of Twitter.The implication is that Millennialsprefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source,Not a presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media

23、to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust hasrisen toward all media,people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2016 presidential campaign,nearly a quarterof web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michiganwas

24、fake news,according to the University of Oxford.And a survey conducted forBuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news fromthe media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separatingfact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Found

25、ation focus-group survey of youngpeople between ages 14and24 found they use“distributed trust”to verify stories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectivesespeciallythose that are open about any bias.“Many young people assume a great deal of personalresponsibility for educat

26、ing themselves and actively seeking out opposingviewpoints,”the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2014 survey conducted in Australia,Britain,and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison found thatyoung peoples reliance on social media led to greater poli

27、tical engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediatelywhile also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values andinterests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing alonginformation.A survey by Barna research gro

28、up found the top reason given by Americansfor the fake news phenomenon is“reader error,”more so than made-up stories orfactual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the problem of fake news lies in“misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social media.In other words,the choice to share

29、 news on social media may be the heart of the issue.“Thisindicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem,”says Roxanne Stone,editor in chief at Barna Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal a mentaldiscipline in thinking skill

30、s and in their choices on when to share on socialmedia.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubts onA the justification of the news-filtering practice.B peoples preference for social media platforms.C the administrations ability to handle information.D social media was a

31、 reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Para.2)is closest in meaning toA sharpen B define C boast D share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young peopleA tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.B verify news by referring to diverse resources.C have s strong sense of respo

32、nsibility.D like to exchange views on“distributed trust”29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA readers outdated values.B journalists biased reportingC readers misinterpretationD journalists made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the t

33、ext?A A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting TrendC The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains NationalHealth

34、Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides meanwell.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companies in theworld.The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great,but it couldalso lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It I

35、s against thatbackground that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued herdamning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handedover to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 on the basis of a vagueagreement which took far too little account of

36、 the patients rights and theirexpectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Furtherarrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefullyscrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patientsand all unnec

37、essary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informed patientconsent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even themost important.Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust,sinceunder existing law it“controlled”the data and DeepMind merely“processed i

38、t.But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,notthe mere possession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that ourlives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individualfro

39、m identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillance economyworks.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared withthe data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightlymaladapted.This practic

40、e does not address the real worry.It is not enough to saythat the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.Whatmatters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them usingpublic resources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,

41、big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at thebeginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have giganticconsequences later.A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digitalfeudalism.Ms Denhams report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of

42、 the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind?A It caused conflicts among tech giants.B It failed to pay due attention to patients rights.C It fell short of the latters expectationsD It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32.The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict withA empty promises.B tough

43、 resistance.C necessary adjustments.D sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B leaking patients data is worse than selling it.C making profits from patients data is illegal.D the value of data comes from the processing of it34.Acco

44、rding to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal isA the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C the uncontrolled use of new software.D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare

45、 isA ambiguous.B cautious.C appreciative.D contemptuous.Text 4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net lossof$5.6 billion for fiscal 2016,the 10th straight year its expenses have exceededrevenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostlyfor

46、employee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanentlydecreased demand for its bread-and-butter product,first-class mail,and aregulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adj

47、ust its operationsto the new realityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exertself-interested pressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting thatwhatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they dependon get protected.This is why

48、 repeated attempts at reform legislation have failedin recent years,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except bydeferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involved-Democrats,Republicans,the Postal Service,the unions and the systems heaviest usershas finally agreed on

49、a plan to fix thesystem.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS an estimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,among othersurvival measures.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanentrate increase and from shifting postal retir

50、ees into Medicare.The latter step wouldlargely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House,this measure would still have to get through the Senate where someone is bound to point ou