2022届全国新高考英语冲刺精品复习---从句与非谓语.pdf
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1、2022届全国新高考英语冲刺精品复习从句与非谓语本章我们讨论从句的简化工作,即把结构较复杂的从句简化为精炼的非谓语形式。我们将分别讨论名词从句、定语从句以及状语从句如何被简化为不定式、动名词或分词。本章内容安排如下:1 名词从句的简化2 定语从句的简化3 状语从句的简化在讨论这三大从句的简化时,我们把从句与非谓语结合起来讨论,以便让读者用一个全新的视角来看待从句和非谓语之间的关系,这样才不至于把它们各自孤立和割裂开来,造成僵化理解,从而真正达到融会贯通、灵活运用的境界。1名词从句的简化我们知道,名词从句是属于名词性的,而英文中的三大非谓语只有动名词和不定式具有名词的特征,可以当成名词来使用。因
2、此,属于名词类的名词从句自然能被简化成两种形式动名词和不定式。1.1名词从句与动名词在第一章“名词从句”中我们讲过,四大类名词从句(即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)主要是由三种句子转化过来的,即陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。但这三种句子不能直接作句子成1分,需要经过一些结构上的变化。比如,陈述句转化为名词从句时要用连词that引导;一般疑问句转化为名词从句时要用if或whether来引导;特殊疑问句转化为名词从句时不需要另外添加连词,只需保留特殊疑问词(如what或who)即可。现在的结论是:由陈述句变来的,即由that引导的名词从句一般简化成动名词来表达,通常采用动名词复合结构
3、的形式;由疑问句变来的,即 由whether或what等引导的名词从句一般简化为不定式。下面我们就举例说明that引导的名词从句与动名词之间的相关性。一、that引导的主语从句与动名词直接用动名词的复合结构来替换主语从句,放在句首作主语。请比较:11)It surprised us that John won the marathon.2)That John won the marathon surprised us.3)Johns winning the marathon surprised us.妙 语 点 睛 在 例 句1)中,it是形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的从John won
4、 the marathon,被后置了。在例句2)中,that引导的从句John won themarathon 作主语,谓语是 surprisedo 在例句 3)中,由例句2)中的主语从句John won the marathon变为动名词的复合结构Johns winning the marathon 来充当句子的主语。精品译文约翰赢得了马拉松比赛,这真让我们吃惊。请再比较:21)That he lost the game came as a surprise toeverybody.22)His losing the game came as a surprise to everybody.
5、妙语点睛在例句1)中,that引导的主语从句that he lost the game作主语,谓语是came。在例句2)中,由例句1)中的主语从句that he lost the game变为动名词的复合结构his losing the game来充当句子的主语。精品译文他在比赛中失利,这让每个人都觉得很意外。二、that引导的同位语从句与动名词简化that引导的同位语从句时,也是变同位语从句为一个动名词的复合结构。但是,因为英文中没有“名词+动名词”这样的结构,所以要在同位语从句修饰的名词后面加上一个介词,来连接名词与动名词,同时表达同位语关系。能担当此任的介词通常是of,偶尔可以用abou
6、t等。于是句子由原来的同位语从句结构“名词+that同位语从句”变成了一个动名词结构“名词+of+动名词的复合结构请比较:31)There was no chance that Davy would come from the battle alive.2)There was no chance of Davy coming from the battle alive.妙语点睛在例句1)中,that引导的同位语从句Davy would come fromthe battle alive补充说明先行词chance,以表明chance的具体内容。在例句2)中,由例句1)中的同位语从句that Da
7、vy would come from the battle alive变为动名词的复合结构Davy coming from the battle alive,放在介词of后面,来补充说明chanceo 这里的of表示同位说明关系。精品译文大卫不可能从战场上生还。3再请比较:41)We were greatly encouraged by the news that Chinahadlaunchedanother man-made satellite.2)We were greatly encouraged by the news of China having launchedanother
8、man-made satellite.妙语点睛在例句1)中,th at引导的同位语从句China had launchedanother man-made satellite补充说明先行词news,以表明news的具体内容。在例句 2)中,由例句1)中的同位语从句 China had launched anotherman-made satellite 变为动名词的复合结构 China having launchedanother man-madesatellite,放在介词o f后面,来补充说明newso这里的of表示同位说明关系。精品译文听到中国又发射了一颗人造卫星的消息,我们都受到极大的
9、鼓舞。再请比较:5 1)Any one with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that theassertion that economic recovery would be just around the corner wasuntrue.2)Anyone with half aneye on theunemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recoverybeing just around the corner was untrue.妙语点睛在例句1
10、)中,that引导的同位语从4句 economic recovery would be just around the corner 补充说明先行词assertion,以表明assertion的具体内容。在例句2)中,由例句1)中的同位语从句 economic recovery would be just around the corner 变为动名词的复合结构 economic recovery being just around the corner,放在介 词about后面,来补充说明assertiono这里的about表示同位说明关系。精品译文任何人只要稍稍看一眼目前的失业率就能知道,
11、有关经济复苏即将到来的断言是不符合事实的。三、that引导的宾语从句与动名词由that引导的宾语从句的简化较为复杂,因为它可以转换成动名词,也可以转换成不定式,这主要与主句谓语动词的用法密切相关。请比较:6 1)1 consider that I will emigrate to America in the future.2)I consider emigrating to America in the future.妙语点睛 在例句 1)中,that 引导的宾语从句 Iwill emigrate to America in the future 充当动词consider的宾语。在例句2)中
12、,由 例 句1)中的宾语从句I will emigrateto America in the future 变为动名词 emigrating to America in the future o这是因为consider的后面要接动名词,不能接不定式,因此该从句要简化为动名词。精品译文我在考虑将来移民到美国。有的主句的谓语动词后面还需添加一个介词,然后才能接动名词作宾语。例如:57 1)Janes mother insisted that she should go swimming with her brother.2)Janes mother insisted on her going sw
13、imming with her brother.妙语点睛在例句1)中,that引导的宾语从句she should go swimming with her brother 充当动词 insisted 的宾语。在例句2)中,由例句1)中的宾语从句she should go swimming with herbrother 变为动名词的复合结构 her going swimming with her brother,并且之前还添加了介词o n,这是因为insist的后面要接介词on之后才能接宾语。精品译文简的妈妈坚持要求她和她哥哥一起去游泳。同理类推,对于那些要求接不定式作宾语的动词,其后的tha
14、t引导的宾语从句简化后只能是不定式。比如:81)1 hope that I can drive to work in my own car.2)I hope to drive to work in my own car.妙语点睛 在例句1)中,that引导的宾语从句lean drive to work in myown car充当动词hope的宾语。在例句2)中,由例句1)中的宾语从句I can drive to work in my own car 变为不定式 to drive to work in myown c a r,这是因为hope的后面要接不定式,不能接动名词,因此该从句要简化为不
15、定式。精品译文我希望能够开着自己的车去上班。综上所述,宾语从句是简化成动名词还是不定式形式,完全取决于主句的谓语动词。因此,要求我们对动词的用法比较熟悉,我们在前面各章节中已经分别列举过接动名词或不定式作宾语的动词。6思维总结本节主要讨论了 that引导的名词从句与动名词的复合结构之间的关系,二者可以进行相互转换,这尤其是针对that引导的主语从句和同位语从句而言。that引导的宾语从句是简化成动名词还是不定式形式,完全取决于主句的谓语动词。思维训练Exercise 1.1简化下列名词从句l.The student denied that he had cheated on the exam.
16、2.That the president was involved in the fraud is obvious.3.1 consider that this is a far-reaching event.4.That he lost the game came as a surprise to everybody.5.That he worked all night in the rain caused him to catch a bad cold.6.The boy is worried about the possibility that he will fail in the e
17、xam.That he tries sending her girlfriend flowers every day is the only way hecan think of to gain her favor.8.1 remember that he once offered to help us if we ever got into trouble.9.You must tell me the truth.I insist that you should tell the truth.10.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing
18、to the fact that it isalways combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen.11.That children object totheir parents remarrying has become aprevalent social problem.712.The teacher said that he wouldnt tolerate that I arrived late every day.13.That the girl was educated in an atmosphere of si
19、mple living waswhat her parents wished for.1.2名词从句与不定式上文讲过,由疑问句变来的,即 由whether或what等引导的名词从句一般简化为不定式,其实主要是宾语从句简化为不定式。此时的宾语从句中往往含有情态动词,比较多见的是should或can/couldo请比较:11)She cant decide whether she should go with him or stay home.2)She cant decide whether to go with him or(to)stay home.妙语点睛由whether引导的宾语从句wh
20、ethershe should go with him orstay home 变为不定式 whether to go with him or stay hom e,这里的不定式具有“应该”的情态意义。精品译文她还没有决定,应该和他一起去还是就呆在家里。再比如:21)I havent decided whether I should vote for Clint.2)I havent decided whether to vote for Clint.精品译文 我还没有决定是否应该给克林特投票。我们再来看两个疑问句的例子:31)1 dont know what I should do.2)I
21、dont know what to do.妙语点睛 由what引导的宾语从句what I should do变为不定式what8to d o,这里的不定式具有“应该”的情态意义。精品译文我不知道该做什么。41)Please tell me how I can get to the busstation.2)Please tell me how to get to the bus station.妙语点睛 由 how 引导的宾语从句 how I can get to the bus station 变为不定式 how to get to thebusstation,这里的不定式具有“能够”的情态
22、意义。精品译文请告诉我去汽车站怎么走。思维总结本节主要讨论了由疑问句变来的名词从句与不定式之间的关系,尤其是宾语从句,可以转换为一个带有相应连词的不定式结构。思维训练Exercise 1.2简化下列名词从句。l.The plumber told me how I could fix the leak in the sink.2.Please tell me where I should meet you.3.1 dont know whether I should believe him or not.4.Sam is getting dressed to go to a party,but
23、is having trouble deciding onwhat clothes he should wear.5.He found two shirts he liked,but he had trouble deciding which one heshould buy.6.1 was tongue-tied.I didnt know what I should say.9Going to the school dance is a lot of fun.But sometimes,deciding who Ican go with isnt easy.8.A:I dont know w
24、hat I should buy for her birthday.Got anysuggestions?B:How about a book?2定语从句的简化对于定语从句的简化问题,讨论起来稍微复杂一些。首先可以肯定的是,不是所有的定语从句都可以简化,这背后的原因有很多,其中最重要的一点原因就是与定语从句本身的结构有关。于是我们首先要考虑的是,什么样的定语从句才能简化为短语。接下来的问题就是定语从句可以简化为什么样的短语,是分词短语、是不定式短语,还是其他形式的短语?对于这些问题,我们在本节的内容中都会有交代。2.1定语从句如何才可能简化为短语我们先来看看下面这个例句:The man tha
25、t I saw at the party last night is my teacher.妙语点睛这个定语从句的结构特点是:关 系 词that作从句谓语saw的宾语,此时,我们可以把that省去。比如说成:The man I saw at theparty last night is my teacher.但是,对于这样的定语从句,我们是无法把它简化为短语形式的。由此可以得出一般规律:关系词在定语从句中充当宾语,这样的定语从句不能简化成一个短语。只有当关系词在定语从句中作主语时,才能把定语从句简化为短语。10精品译文我昨晚在聚会上碰到的那个男子是我的老师。2.2定语从句与短语我们知道,定语从
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