高考英语一轮复习语法专题专题四第1讲定语从句教案.pdf
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1、语法专If专题四三大从句与特殊句式第1讲定语从句定语从句的概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句放在先行词的后面。STEP ONE考点分类突破考点一that/which/who/whom微小说XiaoMengisagirhvho/that loves reading and she is also a girlwho/whom/that teachersoftenpraise.Booksthat/which talkaboutloveoradventuresareherfavorite.JwrweXWristhefi
2、rstbookthat1*XiaoMenghasread,anditisthebestnovelthat4shehasread.Everythingthat1 appearsinthenovelisinterestingandbothpeopleandmonstersthataredescribedinitmakeherfascinated.1.that/which/who/whom在句子里充当主语或宾语,这些关系词叫关系代词。在上面的短文中的限制性定语从句中,that出现频率最高。既可以作主语,也可以作宾语,既可以指人,也可以指物。2.此外指物时只用that不用which的情况的口诀:ver
3、y、only序最高,人物、不定that好即先行词指物被thevery、theonly、序数词、形容词或副词最高级修饰时,或者先行词关系词指人作主语,可以用that,who引导。关系词指人作宾语,可以用that,who,whom引导。关系词指物作主语或宾语,可以用that,which引导。关系词指物由形容词或副词最高级、序数词修饰,或者是关系词是不定代词,或关系词既指人又指物时,只能用that。重难点精析既包括人也包括物时,或者先行词指物是不定代词或被不定代词修饰时,定语从句用that引导。Thisistheverybookthatlhavebeenlookingfbrforseveralday
4、s.这正是我找了好几天的那本书。Isthereanythingthatyouwanttosayaboutthismatter?关于这件事你想说什么呢?3.定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词的数保持一致。Istillrememberthepeopleintheremotevillagewhowerefriendlytome.我仍然记得那些住在边远地区对我很友好的乡亲们。Thestudentswhoareinterestedintheactivityshouldsignupforitinadvance.对这次活动感兴趣的同学们要提前报名。【点对点练习】单句语法填空1.Thedictionarythat/
5、whichthegentlemanboughthalfanhouragowasveryexpensive.2.Theladywho/thatjs(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.3.Themanwho/whom/thatlservedwaswearingahat.4.Thisisthethirdapplethatshehaseatenintheaftemoon.5.Thisistheonly/verythingthaticandotosolvethetrickyproblem.6.Thafsallthatlknowabouttheyoungmanli
6、vingnextdoor.7.Whentheymetagain,thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.8.Thisisthebestfilmthatlhaveeverseen.考点二 as/wh i ch/whose微小说A s1 weallknow/As?isknowntoalL LiHuaisastudentwhose 2 nameisoftenseeninEnglishexaminations.Butthisyearhedidnmakeuswritecompositio
7、nsfbrhim,which3 mademanystudentssad.Howweinisstheboyforwhom4jwehavewrittenmanycompositionsandwehavepreparedmanysituationsinwhichhecanwritearticleshimself.位于句首,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,用as引导定语从句。在定语从句中作定语,表示所属关系“的”,用关系代词whose。用于带逗号的非限制性定语从句中,作主语指物或前面整个句子时,只能用which而不用that。当介词提到关系代词之前时,若先行词指物,则关系词只能用which;若先行词指人,则
8、关系词只能用whom。重难点1.whose既可以指人,又可以指物,在从句中作定语,表示先行词的所有格。即whose前的先行词和whose之后的名词有所属关系。口诀:whose前后名,后名属前名。ThisisthegirlwhosenameisLiMei.这就是那个叫李梅的女孩。Helivesinahousewhosewindowsfacethenorth.他住在窗户朝北的房子里。2.只用which/whom而不用that的情况。用在非限制性定语从句中或者动词短语中的介词提到关系代词之前,充当其宾语时。注意:which既可以指某一个名词,也可以指前面的整个句子。Thisisthecompanyi
9、nwhichmyfatheronceworked.这就是我父亲曾经在里面工作的公司。Therewasnopersontowhomshecouldturnfbrhelpinthedarkstreet.在黑漆漆的街上没有她可以求助的人。3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开,将非限制性定语从句放在句子中间,其前后都需要用逗号隔开。4.常用as的结构:asanybodycansee,asweallknow,asweexpected,asisrepor
10、ted,ashasbeenannounced,asisoftenthecase,as常常位于句首。Aswasexpected,hecamelateagain.正如我们所预料的那样,他又迟到了。Asanybodycansee,theelephantislikeasnake.正如每个人所看到的一样,这匹大象像一条蛇。【点对点练习】单句语法填空1.HeisthestudentwhoseEnglishisalwaysatthetop.2.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsofwhomarewomen.3.Heisworkinghard,which w
11、i 1 1 makeh i m passthefi nal ex am.4.Asisknowntoall,thereare7continentsontheearth.考点三 when/where/why微小说导入XiaoMingstillremembersthedaywhen hewasseriouslypunishedbyhisfather.Thereasonwhyghewaspunishedwasthatheplayedcellphonegamesforawholeweekend.Hisfatherbroughthimtoaroomwhere5 therewasnoothers.After
12、puttingthecellphoneintoabasinwhich/that“was full ofwater,he told Xiao Ming about the daysthat/which 1 hespentearningschoolfeesbydoingpart-timejobsinarestaurant.Thiswasthereasonthat/whichhisfathertoldhimnottoplaycellphones.先行词表示时间,从句不缺主语或宾语,用关系副词when。先行词表示原因,从句不缺主语或宾语,用关系副词why。先行词表示地点,从句不缺主语或宾语,用关系副词
13、where。先行词虽然表示地点、时间或原因,但是从句缺主语或宾语,仍然用关系代词that/which重难点精析1.关系副词与关系代词的选择从句不缺主语或宾语,是个完整的句子,可以是主谓宾或主系表结构,亦可以是主谓结构(主语+训)。此时需要判断谓语动词是否及物。判断定语从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词的方法:把谓语动词与先行词连接起来,看它们是否能构成动宾关系,如果能直接构成动宾关系,则该谓语动词为及物动词,否则为不及物动词。(1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系,只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式,w
14、orkinthefactory 因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语,也可使用inwhich(which代替先行词thefactory)。(2)ThefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwelL该题中从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构setupthefactory,所以set up是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语,因此此处用关系代词that或which。2.当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,用关系副词where引导定语从句;如果关系词在定语从句中作主语
15、或宾语时则用关系代词which/thato3.“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的确定:(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定Iboughtagreatmanybooks,onwhichlspentallmymoneythatlsaved.我买了很多书,这些书花光了我的所有积蓄。(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定rilneverforgetthetimcduringwhichlspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledo
16、xygen.离开它我们就不能生存的这种无色气体被称为氧气。4.当theway作先行词时,无论关系词作主语、宾语还是作状语,用that一定正确。IdontHketheway that/in whichhespeakstome.(关系词作方式状语)Theyarelookingforawaythat/whichisthemostsuitablefortheproblem.(关 系词作主语)I点对点练习】单句语法填空1.IstillrememberthedaywhenlfirstcametoBeijing.2.Thereasonwhyhefailedintheexamwasthathedidntstu
17、dyhard.3.Giftshopsinmuseumswherepeoplewouldbuysouvenirsforthemselvesandtheirfriendsusedtobethelaststopofeachvisit.解题策略对接高考技法指导【单句语法填空】1.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield,sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.(2019 全国 II)答案 which解析 分析句子结构可知,先行词为the pet sh o p,在非限制性定语从句中作opened的
18、 宾 语,故 填which。2.Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmastershadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019 全国HD答案 who/that解 析 先 行 词 为m asters,且限制性定语从句中缺少主语,故填关系词who/that。3.Wehaveenteredintoanagedreamshavethebestchanceofcomingtrue.(2019 江苏)答 案when解析 句中先行词为an age(一个时代),且先行词在从句中作时间状语,所以用关系词when。技法指导定语从句解题三步走第一
19、步:根据是否修饰某一名词,放在该名词之后确定是不是定语从句。第二步:根据从句中是否缺主语或宾语确定用关系代词还是关系副词。如果从句缺主语或宾语,则用关系代词;如果不缺主语或宾语,则使用关系副词(或者“介词+which”)第三步:根据先行词具体所指,确定是哪个关系代词或者关系副词。STEP0 2 1考点分层演练层 级 一 基础达标练单句语法填空1.Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson,madehiseldersondiscouraged.答案 which解析 设空处引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整句话的内容,并在从句中作主语,故填 which
20、o2.Iwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagelspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.答案 where解析设空处引导定语从句,先行词是v illa g e,且在从句中作地点状语,因此用where引导,相当于in whicho3.Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry,hadalsovolunteeredtohelp.答 案 who解析 分析句子结构可知,设空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是people,从句缺少主语,故填关系代词who。4.Therearemanygoodwebs
21、itesyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.答案 where解 析 先 行 词 为 w ebsites,将先行词代入定语从句后为:you can check out thelatest in the science world on the w ebsites,由此可知,先行词在定语从句中与介词on 一起作地点状语,故填关系副词whereo5.Thesystem,canbethemostadvancedinmanyways,willbethelargestearthquakeobservationnetworkintheworld.答案 which
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