高三英语二轮复习阅读指导主旨大意题讲义.pdf

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1、主旨大意题是阅读理解中学生失分最多的题目，因为该类题目不仅考查略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对归纳概括能力提出了较高的要求。该类题目在文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。一、了解题型特点与设问方式 命题解读1i.主旨大意题考查的是对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。主旨大意题分为标题归纳类和文章大意类。2.标题归纳类要求学生选出文章的最佳标题，文章大意类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。题型特点1.把握主旨大意题常见的设问方式。The best title for the

2、 passage is,Which of the following is the best title for the passage?The passage is mainly about.What is the text mainly about?The main idea of the second paragraph probably is.What is the first paragraph mainly about?2.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度。(1)高频考点：标题归纳题、文章大意题。(2)低频考点：段落大意题。二、掌握主旨大意题的解题捷径熟知主旨大意题的解题捷径题型特点解题捷

3、径一明了主旨大意题的正确选项和干扰选项的特征主题类(内容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主题句四窍门：段落中出现表示转折的词语(如howevers but in fact actually 等)时,该句很可能是主题句。首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore、thus、in short、concludesconclusion 等词标题类要求选出文章的最佳标题文章标题三特点：形式一般为单词、短语或句子，短语居多。短小精悍，精确性强。涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意正确选项特

4、征干扰选项特征1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置破解主旨大意题的三大类型内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点移花接木，偷换概念所给选项，命题者有意识地把本属于A 的内容放在B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析，会发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系类 型 1标题归纳题 标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基

5、础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩),覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)理解标题的3 大特点巧用三大方法确定文章标题,、准确而乂简短 概 触_ .外延正好与文章内容相符好标题的(针对性)/二大 点,、能引发读者的阅读欲望1醒目性1(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想如果它们作标题写出来的文章将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除不符选项。(3)研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等 典例（2022全国乙

6、卷）Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and,at thesame time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year?That is the very likely future ofapplying todays eyes in the skytechnology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of railtracks and i

7、nfrastructure（基石出设施）worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines.They could do precisely thesame thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correctposition of railway tracks and swi

8、tching points.The more regularly they can be inspected,the morerailway safety,reliability and on-time performance will be improved.Costs would be cut andoperations would be more efficient（高效）across the board.That includes huge savings in mainlenance costs and better protection of railway personnel s

9、afety.ltis calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year onmaintenance,including sending maintenance staff,often at night,to inspect and repair the railinfrastructure.That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crewsefforts.By usin

10、g the latest technologies,drones could also start providing higher-value services forrailways,detecting faults in the rail or switches,before they can cause any safety problems.Toperform these tasks,drones for rail dont need to be flying overhead.Engineers are now working ona new concept:the rail dr

11、ones of the future.They will be moving on the track ahead of the train,andprogrammed to run autonomously.Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travellingahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot.With their ability to see ahead,they could signal anyproblem,so that fast-moving tra

12、ins would be able to react in time.31.Which is the most suitable title for the text?A.What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B.How Production of Drones Can BeExpandedC.What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D.How Drones Will Change the Future ofRailways1解题示范第一步：读文章，理清结构|Part 1 present a proble

13、m|Can a small group of drones（无人机）guarantee the safety and reliability of railwaysand,at the same time,help railway operators save billions of euros each year?|Part 2 Solve the problem That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection ofrailway personnel safety Part 3 Evaluate th

14、e program|By using the latest technologies,dronescould also start providing higher-value services fbr railways,detecting faults in the rail orswitches,before they can cause any safety problems.第二步：析选项，斟酌判断无人机可以检测到哪些故障提到检测到故障，但文中说在“轨道或开关出壬见任何安全问题之前”如何扩大无人机生产类 型2文 章 大 意 题 文章大意是作者在文章中所要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心思想

15、，也是作者在文章中通过行文逻辑和各种细节来阐明的中心话题。应掌握寻找文章主题的三个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文中并未提到扩大无人机生产无人机发展将面临什么困难文中并未提到无人机发展的困难机在铁路保证铁路无人机将如何改变铁路的未来领域的应用的介绍以及对未来无人机的发展展当的安全性和可靠性，或许会成为铁路安全的新5炼地概括了文章内容1可知，在未来，无人三来。此标题全面、精第三步：对比选项得出答案 答案D主题句法解答文章大意题，找准下面介绍两种快速书(1)根据文体和写作三:文章的主题句是关键。金出主题句的方法。户法来定位主题句：主题句是文章首句G)新闻报道类文章首句是主题句首句语言精炼，中间段多角度说

16、明论证，且与尾段句子相呼应，则首句是文章主题句主题句在文末夹叙夹议类文章，文末的议论部分隐含主题专主题句在段中错误!错误!错误！(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句：wever、in fact、actually等，其后的内容往往是，点乍者真正想要表达的观ore、thus in short、conclude 等，其后的内容在:往是文章的主题句岸首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文 章的主题句高频词法若全文无明显主题句，我们可以利用文章中的高频词找出文章的主题句。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章最明显的特点之一是文中有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住它，便容易抓住

17、文章的中心逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确且无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容相比较，接近的即为正确选项 典例（2021全国甲卷）When I was 9,we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow,London on a grayJanuary morning.Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.Without mybeloved beaches and endl

18、ess blue-sky days,I felt at a loss and out of place.Until I made adiscovery.Southbank,at an eastern bend in the Thames,is the center of British skateboarding,where thecontinuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.I loved it.I soon made friends with thelocal skaters.We spoke our own langu

19、age.And my favorite:Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.ltmeant dont worry about it.Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam（横杆），I fell onto thestones,damaging a nerve in my hand,and Toby came over,helping me up：Safe,man.Safe.A fewminutes later,when I landed the trick,my friends beat their board

20、s loud,shouting:Safe!Safe!Safe!And thats what mattered landing tricks,being a good skater.When I was 15,my family moved to Washington.!tried skateboarding there,but the locals were farless welcoming.Within a couple of years,I*d given it up.When I returned to London in 2004,I found myself wandering d

21、own to Southbank,spending hoursthere.Fve traveled back several times since,most recently this past spring.The day was cold butclear；tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters.Weaving（穿梭）among the kids whorushed by on their boards,I found my way to the beam.Then a rail-thin teenager,in a bag

22、gy whiteT-shirt,skidded（滑）up to the beam.He sat next to me.He seemed not to notice the man next tohim.But soon I caught a few of his glances.I was a local here 20 years ago,“I told him.Then,slowly,he began to nod his head.Safe,man.Safe.n“Yeah,w I said.uSafe7,31.What message does the author seem to c

23、onvey in the text?A.Children should learn a second language.B.Sport is necessary for childrens health.C.Children need a sense of belonging.D.Seeing the world is a must for children.续上表 解题示范第一步：读文章，概括文意eq x（Part 1Paragraph 1 ：When I was 9,we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow,L

24、ondon on a gray January morning.Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city exceptme.|Part 2Tell thedevelopmentof he story Paragraph 2：I soon made friends with the localskaters.We spoke our own language.And my favorite：Safe.Safe meant cool.It meant hello.ltmeant dont worry about it.|Part 3T

25、ell the endof the story|Paragraph 3：When I was 15,my familymoved to Washington.Paragraph 4：But soon I caught a few of his glances.I was a local here 20years ago,“I told him.Then,slowly,he began to nod his head.Safe,man.Safe.Paragraph 5：“Yeah,I said.“Sa 电第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A儿童应当学习第二外语。文中没有这种说法无中生有，生搬硬套B体育运动

26、对儿童健康是非常必要的。文中虽提到了滑板运动，但并未涉及滑板运动对健康的作用无中生有，曲解文意C儿童需要归属感。涵盖性强，覆盖全文类 型 3段 落 大 意 题 段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来文章描述了作者通过滑板运动融入新生活、结交当地人的经历，表达了归属感、集体感对于儿童的必要性，因此该选项符合文章主旨D看世界对于儿童来说是件必要的事情。文中没有这种说法无中生有，生搬硬套第三步：对比选项得出答案 答案 C续上表定位段落主题句，首尾兼顾定段意常用的写作架构每一文段都要围

27、绕一个特定的主题，按照一定的逻辑顺序展开，所以段落的结构也有一定的规律性。做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即问题所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下判断主旨，其准确性更高总 分 式（总分/总分总）段落首句为主题句，段落其他各句是例子或由分总式错误!错误!段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论就是段落主题句，后面的内容只是继续或拓展该结论无主题句式错误！典例（2021全国乙卷）When almost everyone has a mobile phone,whyare more than half of Austra

28、lian homes stillpaying for a landline（座机）？These days youd be hard pressed to find anyone 解题示范第一步：首尾兼顾定段意根据第二段中的 uThese days youd be hardpressed to find anyone in Australia over the ageof 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone,以及in Australia over the age of 15 who doesnt owna mobile phone.In fact plenty of

29、 younger kidshave one in their pocket.Practically everyonecan make and receive calls anywhere,anytime.24.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us aboutmobile phones?A.Their target users.B.Their wide popularity.C.Their major functions.D.Their complex design.“Practically everyone can make and receivecalls

30、 anywhere,anytime 可知，移动电话在澳大利亚几乎随处可见，即本段主要谈及移动电话在澳大利亚的普及程度。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断到了年轻它们的目标用户。人,但他们并不是用于介绍移动电话的目标用户以偏概全，曲解文意旨就是举它们广泛的普及度。例说明手机在澳大利亚非常普遍,该项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括涵盖性强，覆盖全段它们的主要功能。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套它们复杂的设计。原文未提及相关内容无中生有，生搬硬套第三步：对比选项得出答案 答案 B课堂新体验.4A（2022长沙新高考适应性考试）More than 45,000 years ago,by the shore o

31、f present-dayTasmania,a local person picked up a large piece of thick,dark brown seaweed.And he realized that thisgiant piece of seaweed could be used to make a watertight bag.And 45,000 years later in mainlandAustralia,people are again turning to seaweed to solve pressing problems.Today,it is used

32、to address theworlds climate crisis.Winberg,a marine ecologist at the University of Wollongong,has spent decades studyingseaweed.She believes seaweeds fast growth rate and ability to absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxidecan help fight climate change,deacidify the ocean,and change the way we farm,not

33、 only in the oceanbut also on land.“If we used the infrastructure we have in the ocean and created seaweed islands,we wouldactually get rid of many climate change issues we have today,“says Winberg.Realizing seaweedspotential as a climate solution,Winberg opened Australias first land-based,commercia

34、l seaweed farm in2013.On her farm in New South Wales,Winberg produces seaweed extracts（提取物）that are used infood,cosmetics and medicines.Like plants on land,seaweed absorbs CO2 and grows biomass（生物量）.Coastal marine systemscan absorb carbon at rates up to 50 times greater than forests on land,accordin

35、g to Emily Pidgeon,senior director of strategic marine initiatives at Conservation International.Globally,seaweed is thoughtto absorb nearly 200 million tons of CO2 every year-as much as New York States annualemissions.And when seaweed dies,much of the carbon locked up in its tissues is transported

36、to the deepocean.By raising pH levels in the ocean,seaweed also improves growing conditions for shellfish such asoysters and mussels,whose shells become more fragile（脆弱的）in acidic environments.The potential for seaweed cultivation doesnt stop in the ocean.Winberg has found there are benefitsof doing

37、 it on land too.She believes that seaweed farming offers“huge potentialto not only addressthe climate crisis,but also feed a growing population in a sustainable way.According to Winberg,onehectare（公顷）of a seaweed farm can produce more protein than the same amount of land used forcattle.u Were sittin

38、g on undiscovered,renewable,sustainable resources,“she says.【语篇解读】45000多年前，人类发现海藻可以用来做防水袋。现在人们可以用海藻来解决世界上的气候问题。1.What is mainly introduced about seaweed in Paragraph 1?A.Its use.B.Its history.C.Its origin.D.Its appearance.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，45000多年前，人类发现了海藻可以用来做防水袋。45 000年后它被用来解决“pressing problems，如

39、今它被用来解决世界上的气候危机。故可知该段主要介绍了海藻的用途。故 A 项正确。答案：A2.Why is seaweed spoken highly of according to the text?A.It lowers the ocean temperature directly.B.It contributes to shellfishs growing speed.C.It produces the same amount of protein as cattle.D.It grows fast and can absorb carbon at a high rate.解析：推理判断题

40、。由第二段中的aShe believes.on land可知海藻生长速度快，能吸收大量二氧化碳；根据第四段内容可知，沿海海洋系统吸收碳的速度高达陆地森林的50倍。由此可推知，海藻生长迅速，并且能以很高的速度吸收碳。故D项正确。答案：D3.What is Winbergs attitude towards seaweed?A.Unclear.B.Favorable.C.Critical.D.Doubtful.解 析：推理判断题。根 据 第 二 段 中 的She believes.but also on land”,第 三 段 中 的“If weused.says WinbergJ,和第六段中的

41、uShe believes.a sustainable wayn 可知，Winberg 对海藻持支持态度。答案：B4.What is the best title for the text?A.CO?,a Killer of Climate ChangeB.Pollution,the Worlds Climate CrisisC.Seaweed,a Potential Climate SolutionD.Infrastructure,a Way of Eliminating Climate Issues解析：主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段的最后一句Today,it is used to

42、 address the worldsclimate crisis可知，现在人们可以用海藻来解决世界上面临的气候问题。由此可知，C项“海藻，一种潜在的气候解决方案”适合作文章标题。答案：CBIf the three Rs(reduce,reuse and recycle)is a guideline to save the planet,garbage-sorting is wherethe efforts start.Since May 1,Beijing has started to carry out mandatory garbage-sorting in new efforts to

43、better protect the environment.Under the new regulation,residents are required to classify householdwaste into four categories：kitchen,recyclable,hazardous and other waste.People who fail to sort theirgarbage properly can be fined from 50 to 200 yuan,reported Xinhua.Some residential communities in B

44、eijing have introduced rewards to encourage residents to sorttheir garbage.According to Xinhua,residents can earn points by classifying their domestic wastecorrectly and then exchange the points they accumulated for daily necessities such as soap.Garbage-sorting practices have reached over 70 percen

45、t of housing estates in 18 cities,includingShanghai,Xiamen and Hangzhou,according to the Ministry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopment.Shanghai first enacted a mandatory garbage-sorting regulation in July 2019 and has had a90 percent compliance（月 艮 从）rate among its housing estates.According to a re

46、port by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment,over 90 percent of the publicbelieve that garbage-sorting is important for the protection of the environment.However,garbage-sortingis still a big problem in China.Only 30 percent of participants said they think they are completely sortingtheir waste,t

47、he report noted.According to Xinhua,it*s partly because many people lack the willingnessto sort their own waste.Also,some previous garbage regulations didnl include fines for people whofailed to obey them.“Its a must to have a legal guarantee to promote garbage-sorting,“Liu Jianguo,a professor fromT

48、singhua University,told China Daily.u Aside from China,many countries like Germany,Spain andBritain,also ask people to sort waste into specific categories.In Japan,there is a fixed time for thesorting of each kind of garbage and littering.v【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。自5 月 1 日起，北京开始实施强制垃圾分类，以更好地保护环境。文章介绍了这一政策的相关

49、规定，说明了如今中国垃圾分类的现状和存在的一些问题，以及其他人对于中国垃圾分类的一些看法。5.What can we learn about the new regulation in Beijing?A.It hasnt been put into use yet.B.Residents can sort the garbage as they like.C.People can get money if they classify their domestic waste con ectly.D.Those who cant sort the garbage as the new rule

50、 requires shall be fined.解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的 People who fail to sort their garbage properly can be fined from50 to 200yuan,reported X in h u a.可知，据新华社报道，没有对垃圾进行分类的人将被处以5 0 元到 200元的罚款。答案：D6.Whats the problem in garbage-sorting in China?A.Most people are unaware of its importance in protecting environmen