初升高暑假英语衔接课讲义：第二讲 定语从句二.docx

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1、第二讲 定语从句二目标导航：1.衔接第三单元经典背记和语法难点，锻炼认知策略中的复述策略2.复习和掌握第一、二单元的基础语法知识3.通过自我检测做一些基础检查和巩固提高，提高认知能力 一、知识整合（一）概念（1）限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况，对先行词起限定作用，与先行词关系十分密切，不用逗号隔开，也不可省略，否则全句意义就不完整。限制性定语从句的引导词可用关系代词that, which, who( whom, whose), as和关系副词when, where, why。（2）非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明，没有限定作用，它与先行词的关系比较松散，

2、不是关键性的，如果省略，原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿，在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, etc。（没有代词that和副词why）。例：1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.

3、3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.4. He was proud, which his brother never was. （二）易混淆的关系代词的比较(A) as & which as & which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：1) 位置的不同：which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后；as位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which mad

4、e his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或As you know, Jack is an honest man.2) 先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。如：1. He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词） She was very patient towards t

5、he children, which her husband seldom was.（先行词是一个短语） He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）2. He is an honest man, as is known to all. （先行词是一个句子） He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.（先行词是一个句子）3) as 一般译为“正如”，“就像”，“这一点”如：as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see;

6、 as we can see; as has been expected（正如所预期的那样）; as we have imagined（正如我们所想象的那般）.(B) that & which:在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样。宜用that, 而不宜用which 的情况：1) 先行词为不定代词，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如：1.We should do all that is useful to the people .

7、2.Theres nothing that can be said about it .3.Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?2) 先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。如：1.The only thing that we could do was to wait.2.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.3.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.

8、4. You can take any (=whichever) seat that is free.5. I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.6.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year. *This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.3) 先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。如：1.When we talk about Wuxi, t

9、he first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.2.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.4) 先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。如：1.This is the best that can be done now.2.The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.5) 先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that.

10、如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known .2.The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.6) 被修饰词为数词时. 如：1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .7) 如果有两个从

11、句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。如：1.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.8) 疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。如：1. Which is the book that you like best?2. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?9) 主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如：1. T

12、here is still a seat in the corner that is still free.10) 被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that . 如：1. Thats a good book that will help you a lot.2. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be .宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:1) 当关系代词的前面有介词时. 如：1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animal

13、s are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?2) 在非限制性定语从句中. 如：1.Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)3) 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that

14、, 另一个宜用which . 如：1. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.4) 当关系代词后面带有插入语时. 如：1. Heres the English gram

15、mar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.5) 先行词本身是that, 宜用which . 如：Whats that which she is looking at?6) 先行词是those+复数名词. 如：A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.(C) who & that:who 和 that 指代人时，有些情况宜用who, 而不宜用that： 1) 先行词为anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones

16、, they, he, people时. 如：1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well.2.Anyone who (=Whoever) failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason .3.Those who are not fit for their work should leave office at once4.I dont like the ones (= those ) who talk big.5

17、.Persons who are quarrelsome are despised.2) 在There be 结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you .2.There are several students in our class who are still not sure about the use of attributive clauses.3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时. 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday after

18、noon who could speak Chinese very well.4) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that ,另一个则宜用who, 以免重复. 如：1. The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard .（三）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1) 与先行词关系不同。定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰选系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。比较：He told me the

19、news that our team won. He told me the news that/which was very exciting.比较：Were interested in the news that some foreigners will visit our school. Were interested in the news that he told us.2) 引导词不同。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，在从句中担当相应的成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略；同位语从句主要由连接词that引导，在从句中一般不担当成分，不可省略，有时也可用where, who, w

20、hether, when, how, what等连词引导，而这些连词在从句中担当成分。 比较：The problem (that) we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.比较：The question (that) he raised puzzled all of us. The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to an

21、swer.3) 同位语从句与先行词一般可以发展成一个完整的句子，谓语动词用beWe felt relieved to learn the news that SARS was finally brought under control. The news was that SARS was finally brought under control.The news that LiNing alone won three gold medals at the Olympic Games soon spread all over the world. The news was that LiNi

22、ng alone won three gold medals at the Olympic Games二、 专题指津填空练习1.Its such an interesting film _we all want to see it.2.Hes such a good teacher _ we all love and respect.3.Ive never seen such kind people _they are.4._is well known, great changes have taken place in China in the past ten years.5._ is w

23、ell known that great changes have taken place in China in the past ten years.6._we all know is that great changes have taken place in China in the past ten years.7.Id like to buy the same T-shirt _you are wearing now.8.Id like to use the same pen _I used yesterday.9.I was surprised that he did this

24、the same _ I had done.10.Those _told you to give up smoking were quite right.11.She has two brothers, both of _ are now in America.12.She has two brothers. Both of _are now in America.13.She has two brothers and both of _are now in America.14.She returned to the same place _she had lost her bag.15.W

25、e hope to get such a tool _he is using.16.I dont like such kind of music _I heard just now.17.Dont read such books _you dont understand.18.She is such an excellent student _is often praised by the teacher.19.She is such an excellent student _ she is often praised by the teacher.20.The teacher set su

26、ch difficult problems _nobody could work out _none of us passed the test.三、 自我检测 单项选择1. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. That B. where C. in which D. the one2. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. That B. where C. which D. the one3. Is this the factory _ he

27、 worked ten years ago?A. That B. where C.which D. the one4. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.A. That B. where C. in which D. in that5. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what6. The reason is _ he is unable

28、 to operate the machine.A. Because B. why C. that D. whether7. Ill tell you _ he told me last week.A. all which B. that C. all thatD. which8. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old.A. Whose B. of which C. in whichD. on which9. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing.A. as B. that C

29、. which D. what10. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.A. which B. whom C. who D. that11. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out.A. that againsts B. that against C. who is againstD. who are against12. Didnt you see the man _?A. I nodded just now B.

30、whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now13. Is there anything _ to you?A. that belonged B. that belongsC. that belong D. which belongs14. - “How do you like the book?”- “Its quite different from _ I read last month.”A. ThatB. whichC. the oneD. the one what15. Mr. Zh

31、ang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them.A. the onesB. onesC. someD. the others16. The train _ she was traveling was late.A. which B. where C. on which D. in that17. Its the third time _ late this month.A. that you arrived B. when you arrivedC. that youve arrived D

32、. when youve arrived18. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget.A. which B. when C. on which D. about which19. Is it in that factory _ “Red Flag” cars are produced?A. in which B. where C. which D. that20. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin.A. that B. as C. wh

33、o D. what21. He has two sons, _ work as chemists.A. two of whomB. both of whomC. both of whichD. all of whom22. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is23. I dont like _ you speak to her.A. the wayB. the way in thatC. the way whichD. the way o

34、f which24. The two things _ they felt very proud are Jims gold watch and Dellas hair.A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which25. Do you know which hotel _?A. she is staying B. she is staying in C. is she staying D. is she staying in26. Who can think of a situation _ this idiom can be used

35、?A. which B. that C. where D. in that27. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, _ much help for knowing space.A. which we think it is B. which we think are ofC. of which we think is D. I think which is of28. The great day we looked forward to _ at last.A. ComeB.cameC. comingD. comes29.

36、 I like the second football match _ was held last week.A. which B. who C. that D. /30. This is the very film _ Ive long wished to see.A. which B. that C. who D. whom31.The house_ the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.A. that B. where C. what D. when32.The doctor did all_ to save the wounde

37、d boy.A. what he could B. he could C. everything which he could D. for which he could do33._ you know, he is a famous musician. A. As B. which C. That D.34.He is the only one of the three_ got the new idea.A. who have B. whom have C. who has D. whose had35.This is the baby_ tomorrow.A. after whom I

38、shall look B. whom I shall look afterC. whose I shall look after D. after whom I shall look after36. These students will graduate from the university next summer, _ they will have studied here for four years. A. by then B. by that time C. by what time D. by which time37. This is the house the window

39、 _ faces the south. A. of which B. which C. of it D. whose38. It is five oclock in the afternoon _ they arrived at the hotel. A. since B. before C. when D. that39. In some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. A. which B. what C. that D. one40. - How abo

40、ut the games? - Very interesting, and the ones _ the young men competed were really exciting. A. what B. for whom C. where D. in which参考答案填空练习1.that 2.as 3.as 4.as 5.it 6.what 7.as 8.as 9.as 10.who 11.who 12.them 13.them 14. where 15.as 16.as 17.as 18.as 19.that 20.as that单项选择1.A 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.A 10.D 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.A16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.B 21.B 22.A 23.A 24.B 25.B 26.C 27.B 28.B29.C 30.B 31.A 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.B 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D