零基础自学学英语.docx

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1、零基础自学学英语连词的定义：连词是连接字、短语、从句与句子的词，是虚词，因此它不能 独立担当句子成分。连词主要分为两大类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句。它包括：and, or, but, so, for, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also0从属连词用来引导从句，它包括：that, when, till, until, after, before, since,because, if, whether, though, although, sothat, so that, in order that,

2、as soon as并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语 或句子。常见的并列连词有：(1) 表并列关系的 and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor 等。(2)表选择关系的or, eitheror等。(3)表转折关系的but, while等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。1并列连词1 and：和， 并且 I like basketball, football and table-tennis. 我 began learning English two years ago. 自从两年前我起先学习英语 以来，我已经学习了两千多个英语单词了。留意si

3、nce引导的是一个过去时的句子，说明自当时以来到现在 (自从两年前以来)，主句一般要用现在完成时。As soon as I get enough money, I 11 buy it.我一得至ll足够的钱，就买它。3 because：因为，连接缘由状语从句 She didn, t go there, because she was ill.因为她病了，所以她没去那儿。1 .回答Why问句时，只能用because,不能用for或as. Why are you late? 你为什么迟至U? Because I met a traffic accident on my way here.因为在我来这

4、儿的路上，遇到了车祸。2 .汉语中，我们常常说因为所以，但在英文中有了 because,就 不能再用SOo3 ) Because he was tired, so he couldn t walk there. 因 为他累了，所以他不能走到那儿了。4 if, though (although) If it doesn, t rain, we 11 go to the park.假如不下雨，我们就去公园。Though I was tired, I still worked hard. 虽然我很累， 可 是我仍旧努力地工作。1. if：假如(引导条件从句) You can pass the exa

5、m if you study hard.假如你努力学习，你会及格的。2. though, although：虽然（引导让步状语从句）和缘由状语从句一样，假如用了 though, although （虽然）就不能再用but （但是）。Although （Though） I live near the sea, I m not a good swimmer. =1 live near the sea, but I m not a good swimmer. 虽 然我住在海边，可是我游泳并不好。留意留意时态一样，和时间状语从句一样。主句是将来时之时，从句要用一般现在时。5. sothat：太以致 H

6、e is so old that he can, t work. 二 He is too old to work.他太老了，不能工作。The box is so heavy that I can, t lift it. 二The box is too heavy for me to lift.箱子太沉了，我抬不起来。The girl is so beautiful that everybody likes her. 这个小 女孩太美丽了，每个人都喜爱她。留意留意此句型与tooto的互换。sothat在确定句中不能转换成tootOo三 连词比较land与or 1）并列结构中，or通常用于否定句,

7、 and用于确定句。2）但有时and也可用于否定句。请留意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no 含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是确定结构，因此要用andoair and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or连接，但典型例题 1 don t like chicken fish. 1don t like chicken,I like fish very much. A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or； and 答案 Co否定句中表并列用or, but表转

8、折。推断改错：（错） We will die without air and water. （错） We can t live without air or water. （对） We will die without air or water. （对） We can t live without air and water. 3 ）表示选择的并列结构 （1） or意思为否则。I must work hard, or I 11 fail in the exam. （2） eitheror意思为或者或者。留意谓语动词采纳就近原则。Either you or I am right. 推断改错：（错

9、） They sat down and talk about something. （错） They started to dance and sang. （错） I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. （对） They sat down and talked about something. （对） They started to dance and sing. （对）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.角军析：第一句：and连接两个并列的谓语，所以talk应改为talke

10、d。其次句：and连接两个并列的动词不定式，其次个不定式往往省略to,因此sang应改为singo第三句：and连接感观动词saw后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因 止匕 whisper 应改为 whispering。留意：and还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or 也有止匕用法）Make up your mind, and you 11 getthe chance. = If you make up your mind, you 11 get the chance. One more effort, and you 11 succeed. = If you make one mo

11、re effort, you， 11 succeed. II but 表示转折， while 表示对比。Some people love cats, while others hate them. 典 型例题 Would you like to come to dinner tonight? Id like to, I m too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案Dobut与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and,结果的so,缘由的as都不符合句意。III so, therefore He hurt his leg, so he couldn t play

12、 in the game. 留意：a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.He hurthis leg, and so / and therefore he couldn t play in the game.b. although yet, 但 although 不与 but 连用。(错) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to dothe work.(对) Although he was weak,

13、yet he tried his bestto do the work. IV 比较so和such其规律由so与such的 不同词性确定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形 容词或副词。little 连用,so还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much,形成固定搭配。so + adj.+ n. such + n.(pl.(pl. ) so + adj.such + a(n) + n.) so + adj. + n.+ n.不行数suchso + adj. + a(n) (pl. ) such +n. +n.不行数sofoolishsuchfoolso nic

14、ea flowersucha niceflowerso many/ few flowerssuch nice flowerssomuch/little money.such a lot of peoplesuch rapid progressso many peopleso many已成固定搭配，a lot of虽相当于many,但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such搭配。换。sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为so与such之间的转E g : The MP3 cost memoney that I ccouldnafford to buy it .A . so much . B

15、 . such much C .so many D . such many . (Key : A )to.,so that.such. that .enough的互换.so that to = in orderto /that的用法.Eg A . He is too young to go to school.B . He is a young boy he go to school .C .He is young he go to school .D . He isnt go to school (Keys : B : such , that ,can t C : so , that , c

16、an t . D : old , enough to )易错分析：关于 notuntil He stayed there until it was very late. 句中，stay是可持续性动词，所以不用noteHe didn t leave until it was very late. 句中， leave 是不行持续性动词，所以用not because, so； although, but 上面已经提到，because和so及although和but不连用。例如： Because he was late, he didn t catch the first bus.确定不彳亍以说 Be

17、cause he was late, so he didn t catchthe first bus.or还是and 祈使句+ or +陈述句前后是对立的祈使句+ and +陈述句前后是统一的 (or或and后的陈述句，常用一 般将来时)Study hard, or you won t pass the exam. Studyhard, and you will pass the exam. 两句都可以转换成If条件句 +主句形式，留意：要去掉or和and：If you don t study hard, you won t pass the exam. If you study hard,

18、you will pass the exam. because, since, as, for表示缘由时的区分 尽管because, for, since, as都表示缘 由，但是用法上有不同.because通常表示说话人认为这种理由或者缘由是听话人所不知道的.如： He didn t attend the meetingbecause he had too much work to do. since 表示的缘由是人们已 知的事实，常译作既然。如：Since he can t answer this question, you d better ask someone else. as表示缘

19、由与since差别不大，只是语气更弱，多 译为由于如：As I haven t seen the film, I can t tell you what I think of it. for表示因果关系时，只能放在主句之后，不能放在句首。而且常常是对主句补充说明理由或推断缘由。如：It rained last night, for the ground is wet. as, when, while这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。1）当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While, when, as都可用来引导表示背景的时间状语从句。例如：As/When/While I w

20、as walking down the street I noticed a police car. 2）当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是whileo例如：While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework. 3） 当两个动作都表示发展变更的状况时，最常用的是aso例如：As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them. 4) 当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示一边 一边时，最常用aso例如：Just as he cau

21、ght the fly, he gave a loud cry. She looked behind from time to time as she went 5) 当从句的动作先于主句的 动作时，通常用when。例如：When he finished his work, he took a short rest. 6) 当从 句是瞬间动作，主句是持续性动作时，通常用wheno例如：When John arrived I was cooking lunch. (6) if, whether if 和whether都可作是否讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：I wonder whether

22、 (if) you still study in that school. I don t know whether (if) he likes that film. 1) 引导主语从句时。 例如：Whether he will come to the party is unknown. 2) 弓|导表 语从句时。例如：The question is whether I can pass the exam. 3) 在不定式 刖。例如：I haven t made up my mind whether to go there or not. 写 作经典句型Leave much to be des

23、ired （令人不满足） 例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我 们的交通状况令人不满足。人的一生难免会遭受困惑、失落、迷茫，你会脆弱、不自信, 或者百无聊赖。这时，你不妨来听听那些充溢才智的女性怎么说。We do not need m agic to transform our world. We carry all of the power we need inside ourselves already. 一J. K. Rowling 变更世界不须要魔法，只要我们发挥出内在的力气。一J-K-罗琳（英国科幻小

24、说家）I f you know you are going tofail, then fail gloriously.一Cate Blanchett假如你预感到了失败，那就要败得风光。一凯特-布兰切特（澳大利亚女演员）Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. 一Coco Chanel 时尚不仅体 现在衣服上，还与我们的观念、生活方式和经验的事情有关。一可可-香奈儿（法国香奈儿品牌创始人）I try

25、to takeevery conflict, every experience, and learn from it. Life is never dull.-Oprah Winfrey我不断地去尝试，从每次冲突和经验中学习。我的生活从不无聊。一奥普拉-温弗瑞（美国闻名脱口秀主持人）Change your lifetoday. Don t gam ble on the future; act now, without delay. 一一Simone de Beauvoir今日就起先变更你的生活。不要把赌注下在明天。快行动，别拖沓。一西蒙娜-德-波伏娃（法国闻名作家、当代女权主义者）喜爱篮球、足

26、球和乒乓球。1 .基本用法and表示和、而且 的意思，用来连接对等关系的 字和字，片语与片语，句子与句子。He got up and put on his hat. 他站起来，戴上了帽子。I went to the Summer Palace and he went to Bei Hai Park. 我 去颐和园，他去北海公园。留意单词或词组假如是三个以上连接，一般在最终的单词或词组 前加ando另外and在译成中文时不确定要翻译出和来。2 .特殊用法：and在祈使句中的作用句型：祈使句，and=If you, you 11 Use your head, and you, 11find a w

27、ay.动动脑筋，你就会想出方法来。二If you use your head, you 11 find a way. 假如你动动脑 子，你就会想出方法。Hurry up, and you 11 catch the bus. 快点， 你就会赶上公 共汽车。=If you hurry up, you 11 catch the bus. 假如你快点，你 就会赶上公共汽车。3 or：或， 或者， 否贝“ Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai. 李 明是北京人还是上海人呢？ 1.基本用法or表示或的意思，运用 于两者之中选择一个的时候。Would you li

28、ke coffee or tea?你喜爱咖啡还是茶？Tom or Iam right.我或者汤姆是对的。Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room. 李明或者 是他的同班同学在打扫房间。留意Aor B作主语时，谓语动词随or后面的词（B）而定，因 此例子中的谓语动词听从I,用amo2.特殊用法句型：祈使句，or=If you don, t, you, 11 同 and 一样， or 在祈使句中的用法，译成请，否则，有转折的意思。Hurry up, or you 11 miss the bus. 快点吧，否则你就会误 了公共汽车。=If you

29、 don t hurry up, you 11 miss the bus. 假如你不 快点，你就会误了这班车。Study hard, or you 11 fail in the exam. 好好学吧， 否则 你考试就会不及格。=If you don t study hard, you 11 fail in the exam. 假 如你不努力学习，你考试就会不及格。留意or疑问句的读法or前面的部分用升调，后面的部分用降 调O3 but：但是，可是，而 He is old, but he looks very young. 他老 T,但他看起来很年轻。Li Li likes violin but

30、 doesn, t like piano. 李莉喜爱小提 琴，（但是）不喜爱钢琴。（but后面省略了主语Li Li,因为与前面的主语成分相同）Mary likes violin, but Tom doesn, t. 玛丽喜爱小提琴，而汤姆不喜 爱。（doesn t后面省略了 like violin,因为与前面的成分相同） He isn t a teacher but a doctor. 他不是（一个）老师，而是医 生。They came here not for money but for the life. 他们至U这儿 来，不是要钱，而是要命。留意but所连接的句子，句中假如某些成分与前面

31、相同，则可以 省略。4 so, for It began to rain, so we had to stay here. 起 先下雨了，我们不得不呆在这儿了。1. so：所以， 因止匕， 于是 My teacher asked me to go, so I went. 我 们老师让我去，因此我就去了。比较so除了作连词外，也可以作副词。I hope you can pass the exam. 我希望你能通过考试。I hope so.我也希望。Don t walk so fast.别走得太快。2. for：因为 I soon went to sleep, for I was tired. 我

32、很快就入睡T,因为我太累了。The sun has risen, for the birds are singing. 太阳升起来 了，小鸟在唱歌。比较for和be cause for也可译为因为,但是它没有什么因果 关系，不像because那样，而for只是说明说明而已。5 bothand：和，既也 He can play both the violin and the piano. 他既会 拉小提琴，又会弹钢琴。1 .bothand构成的词组作为主语时，谓语动词用复数。Both Li Ming and Li Li are good students. （Li Ming 和 Li Li 都是

33、人，所以两者对等）李明和李莉都是好学生。留意在bothand句型中，and连接的词或词组要对等。2 .bothand的否定句表示部分否定。He can t play both the violin and the piano. 他会拉小提 琴或者会弹钢琴。（不全会） Both Li Ming and Li Li are not good students. 明 和李莉不都是好学生。（其中一个是好学生）6 eitheror, neithernor I want to visiteither Tianjing or Shanghai. 我想参观天津或者上海。I like neither Engli

34、sh nor Chinese. 中文和英文我全不喜爱。1. eitheror：或或；不是就是a. eitheror构成的词组作为主语时，谓语 动词随其邻近的词，即or后面的词而定。Either you or he is right. 不是你，就是他是对的。 b.此句型的否定句是全否定。Either you or he isn t right.你和他都不对。1 don t want to visit either Tianjing or Shanghai. 天津和 上海我都不想参观。2. neithernor：既不也不a.当此词组担当主语时，谓语动词的用法和eitheror 的用法一样，由nor

35、后面的词而定。Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不对。3. 此句型本身是全否定，因此不能再用否定式，即不能再加not04. Neither You nor I am not right. 比较 both and , eitheror , neither nor这三个句型的相互关系如下：1 .确定句：I like both A and B.我喜爱 A 和 BoI like both coffee and tea.我喜爱咖啡和茶。(茶和咖啡我都喜爱)2.否定句：I don t like both A and B. =1 like either A or B. 我不喜 爱

36、A或B。I like either coffee or tea .咖啡和茶， 我喜爱一样儿。=1 don t like both coffee and tea .3. I don t like eitherA or B . =1 like neither A nor B. A 和 B 我都不喜爱。咖啡和茶，我都不喜爱。I like neither coffee nor tea . I don t like either coffee or tea .7 not only but also：不但而且 (1) Not only you but also your father is coming.

37、 不 但你，而且你父亲也要来。(2) Jane is not only beautiful but also kind. 珍妮不但 美丽，而且人特别好。1 .基本用法：not onlybut also担当主语时，此句型的谓语动词随but also 后面的部分而定，参见上文例(1) o另外not onlybut also连接对等的词或词组；例(1) you (你) 和your father (你父亲)都是人。例(2) beautiful (美的)和kind (亲切、慈爱)都是形容词。2 .该句型可以和as well as互换，但留意汉语翻译。Your father as well as you

38、is coming. 不但你， 而且你父亲 也要来。留意as well as的句子谓语动词随它前面的词Your father而定, 所以用 is coming. Jane is kind as well as beautiful. 珍妮不但 美丽，而且为人很好。2从属连词常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的 after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as 等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。(3)引导缘由状语从句的because, as, since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that,

39、in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than, asas等。(8)引导名词从句的that, if , whether等。1 that I think (that) he likes football. 我想他喜爱足 球。that引导名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语 从句)和定语从句，本书只介绍宾语从句。1. that在宾语从句、间接引语中可以省略，主句与从句时态一 样。1 think (that) he i

40、s tired.我想他累了。I thought (that) he was tired. 留意要特殊留意主句与从句 时态的呼应。假如主句是过去时，从句一律改为过去的时态，详见其次十章宾语 从句。2 .假如主句的动词是think, believe；假如主句的主语是第一 人称，变为否定句时，要否定主句，译成中文时，则否定从句。I believe you will leave here. 我信任，你会离开这儿的。I don t believe you will leave here. 我信任，你不会离开 这儿的。必背！ I hope that我希望I think that我认为I say that我

41、说I know that我知道I find that我发觉be afraid that唯恐be sure that确认be glad (happy) that很兴奋（以上的 that 都可以省略）2 when, while, till, until, sinceWhen he arrives there he will call you. 他到达那儿以后，他会给 你打电话。when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as等是连接时间状语从句的连词。在时间状语从句中要特殊留意时态的搭配：当主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。留意w

42、hile所引导的从句的谓语动词只能是持续性的，不能用点 动词。(如 begin, stop) When I arrived there, it was raining. 当 我到那儿时，天正在下雨。I entered the room while (when) Li Ming was talking with her. 我进屋时，李明正在和她谈话。I didn t go to sleep until (till) I finished my homework. 直到我做完作业，我才上床睡觉。We won t work until (till) our teacher teaches us ho

43、w to do it.老师教给我们如何做这工作之后，我们才会起先做。He came to China after the war was over. 比较 连词连接从句 不同，意思不同。He had been in China before the war was over. 斗争结束前, 他已经在中国了。=The war was over before he came to China. =The war had been over before he came to China. 斗争结束后，他来到中国。I have learned more than two thousand English words since I