植物生理学专有名词定义题.docx

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1、Please give definition of the following botanical terms 06A1 1 Endomembrane system Collectively, the cellular membranes that form a continuum (plasma membrane, tonoplast, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and nuclear envelope).1.2 Crossing over The exchange of corresponding segments of genetic ma

2、terial between the chromatids of homologous chromosomes at meiosis.1.3 Casparian stripA bandlike region of primarywall containing suberin and lignin; found in anticlinal-radial and transverse-walls of endodermal and exodermal cells.1.4 Sporic meiosis Meiosis resulting in the formation of haploid spo

3、res by a diploid individual, or sporophyte; the spores give rise to haploid individuals, or gametophytes, which eventually produce gametes that fuse to form diploid zygote; the zygotes, in turn, develop into sporophytes; this kind of life cycle is known as an alternation of generations.1.5 Basidiosp

4、ores Spores of the basidiomycota, produced within and borne on a basidium following nuclear fusion and meiosis.L6 Type specimen Usually a dried plant specimen housed in an herbarium; selected by a taxonomist to serve as the basis for length.L5 Endosymbiosis The endosymbiosis theory attempts to expla

5、in the origins of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. The theory proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from certain types of bacteria that prokaryotic cells engulfed through endophagocytosis. These cells and the bacteria trapped inside them entered a s

6、ymbiotic relationship, a close association between different types of organisms over an extended time. However, more specifically, the relationship was endosymbiotic, meaning that one of the organisms (the bacteria) lived within the other (the prokaryotic cells).1.6 Carposporophyte In some red algae

7、, the fertilized carpogonium (zygote) and the femalegametophyte tissue around it develop into a basket structure called a carposporophyte. The carposporophyte eventually produces and releases diploid carpospores that develop into tetrasporophyte.1.7 Embryo sac The female gametophyte of angiosperms,

8、generally an eight-nucleate, seven-celled structure; the seven cells are the egg cell, two synergids and three antipodals (each with a single nucleus), and the central (with two nuclei).1.8 Ovuliferous scalesIn certain conifers, the appendage or scalelike shoot to which the ovule attached.1.9 Hypogy

9、nous flower Perianth and stamens are situated on the receptacle beneath the ovary and free from it and from the calyx.1.10 Indehiscent fruits Remaining closed at maturity, as are many fruits (samaras, for example).comparison with other specimens in determining whether they are members of the same sp

10、ecies or not.17 Unilocular sporangium The unilocular reproductive structures which were produced by diploid sporophytes to form haploid zoospores that germinate to produce gametophytes, meiosis firstly takes place within the unilocular sporangia.L8 Sorus A group or cluster of sporangia or spores in

11、ferns. 1e9 Ovuliferous scales In certain conifers, the appendage or scalelike shoot to which the ovule attached.110 Parietal placentation Of placentation, with placentas positioned on the wall of a unilocular compound ovary and ovules attached to the outer wall of the ovary instead of the axis and p

12、ointing inwards.06B1.1 Protoplast The protoplasm of an individual cell; in plants, the unit of protoplasm inside the cell wall.1.2 Chiasmata The X-shaped figure formed by the meeting of two nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes; the site of crossing-over.1.3 Metaxylem The part of primary xy

13、lem that differentiates after the protoxylem; the metaxylem reaches maturity after the portion of the plant part in which it is located has finished elongating.1.4 Gametic meiosis Meiosis resulting in the formation of haploid gametes from a diploid individual; the gametes fuse to form a diploid zygo

14、te that divides to form another diploid individual.1.5 Closed vascular bundle A vascular bundle in which a cambium does not develop.1.6 Binomial system of nomenclature According to International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the scientific name of a particular plant species should be composed of t

15、wo words. The first one is genus name, of which the first letter should be capitalized, and the second one is the specific epithet. L7 Conchocelis The inconspicuous red filaments, which grows in seashells, are the diploid phase of the edible, blade-forming seaweed Porphyra (the haploid phase).1.8 Ax

16、ile placentation Ovules are borne at or around the center of a compound ovary on an axis formed from joined septa.1.9 Indeterminate inflorescences Flowers may be clustered in various ways into aggregations called inflorescences. In indeterminate inflorescences, the youngest flowers are at the top of

17、 an elongated axis or on the centre of a truncated axis. An indeterminate inflorescence may be a raceme, panicle, spike, catkin, corymb, umbel, spadix, or head.1.10 Embryo sac The female gametophyte of angiosperms, generally an eight-nucleate, seven-celled structure; the seven cells are the egg cell

18、, two synergids and three antipodals(each with a single nucleus), and the central cell (with two nuclei).07A1 1 Plant taxonomy: Involving the naming and classifying of plants and studying the relationships among them.1.2 Plasmodesmata: The minute cytoplasmic threads that extend through openings in c

19、ell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells.1.3 Phragmoplast: A spindle-shaped system of fibrils, which arises between two daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the cell plate is formed during cell division, or cytokinesis. The fibrils of the phragmoplast are composed of m

20、icrotubules. Phragmoplasts are formed in all green algae except the members of the class Chlorophyceae and in plants.1.4 Alternation of heteromorphic generations: A reproductive cycle in which a haploid phase, the gametophyte, produces gametes, which, after fusion in pairs to form a zygote, germinat

21、e, producing a diploid phase, sporophyte. Spores produced by meiotic division from the sporophyte give rise to new gametophytes, completing the cycle. Sporophyte looks different with gametophyte in external appearance.1.5 Bulliform cell: A large epidermal cell present, with other such cells, in long

22、itudinal rows in grass leaves; also called motor cell. Believed to be involved with the mechanism of rolling and unrolling of the leaves.1.6 Interfascicular cambium: The vascular cambium arising between the fascicle, or vascular bundles, from interfascicular parenchyma.1.7 Protonema：The first stage

23、in development of the gametophyte of mosses and certain liverwort; protonemata may be filamentous or platelike.1.8 Ovuliferous scales: In certain conifers, the appendage or scalelike shoot to which the ovule attached.1.9 Hypogynous flower: Perianth and stamens are situated on the receptacle beneath

24、the ovary and free from it and from the calyx.1.10 Axile placentation: In some flowers, the ovules are borne on a central column of tissue in a partitioned ovary with as many locule as there are carpels.07B1. 1 Plant anatomy：The study of plant internal structure.1. 2 Tonoplast: The cytoplasmic membr

25、ance surrounding the vacuole in plant cells; also called vacuolar membrance.1. 3 Phragmosome: The layer of cytoplasm that forms across the wall where the nucleus becomes located and divides.1. 4 Archegonium: A multicellular structure in which a single egg is produced; found in the bryophytes and som

26、e vascular plants.1. 5 Periderm: Outer protective tissue that replaces epidermis when it is destroyed during secondary growth; includes cork, cork cambium, and phelloderm.1. 6 Fusiform initials: The vertically elongated cells in the vascular cambium that give rise to the cells of axial system in the

27、 secondary xylem and secondary phloem.1. 7 Ovule: A structure in seed plants containing the female gametophyte with egg cell, all being surrounded by the nucellus and one or two integuments; when mature, an ovule becomes a seed.1. 8 Parietal placentation: The arrangement of the placentae-known as th

28、e placentation. Of which, the ovules are borne on the ovary wall or on extensions is called parietal placentation.1. 9 Indeterminate inflorescences: Flowers may be clustered in various ways into aggregations called inflorescences. In indeterminate inflorescences, the youngest flowers are at the top

29、of an elongated axis or on the centre of a truncated axis. An indeterminate inflorescence may be a raceme, panicle, spike, catkin, corymb, umbel, spadix, or head.1. 10 Aggregate fruits: A fruit developing from the several separate carpels of a single flower.10A11 Plastids Organelle in the cells of c

30、ertain groups of eukaryotes that is the site of such activities as food manufacture and storage; plastids are bounded by two membranes.1.2 Plasmodesmata The minute cytoplasmic threads that extend through openings in cell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells.1.3 Collenchyma A su

31、pporting tissue composed of collenchyuma cells; common in regions of primary growth in stems and in some leaves.1.4 Vascular cambium A cylindrical sheath of meristematic cells, the division of which produces secondary phloem and secondary xylem.1.5 Bulliform cells A large epidermal cell present, wit

32、h other such cells, in longitudinal rows in grass leaves; also called motor cell. Believed to be involved with the mechanism of rolling and unrolling of the leaves.L6 Binomial system of nomenclature According to International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the scientific name of a particular plant

33、species should be composed of two words. The first one is genus name, of which the first letter should be capitalized, and the second one is the specific epithet. L7 Leptosporangium A sporangium that arises from a single initial cell and whose wall is composed of a single layer of cells.L8 Double fe

34、rtilization The fusion of the egg and sperm (resulting in a 2n fertilized egg, the zygote ) and simultaneous fusion of the second male gamete with the polar nuclei (typically resulting in a 3n primary endosperm nucleus); a unique characteristic of all angiosperms.1.9 Indeterminate inflorescences Flo

35、wers may beclustered in various ways into aggregations called inflorescences.In indeterminate inflorescences, the youngest flowers are at the top of an elongated axis or on the centre of a truncated axis. An indeterminate inflorescence may be a raceme, panicle, spike, catkin, corymb, umbel, spadix,

36、or head.1.10 Axile placentation Ovules are borne at or around the center of a compound ovary on an axis formed from joined septa.10B1.1 Prokaryotic cells Cells lacking a membrane-bounded nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles; Bacteria and Archaea.1.2 Organelles Specialized, membrane-bounded parts

37、of a cell.le3Homologous chromosome Chromosomes that associate in pairs in the first stage of meiosis; each member of the pair is derived from a different parent. Homologous chromosomes are also called homologs.1.4 Secondary growth In plants, growth derived from secondary or lateral meristems, the vascular and cork cambium; secondary growth results in an increase in girth, and is contrasted with primary growth, which results in an increase in