2023年上海高考英语概要写作技巧方法指导(含例题讲解).pdf
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1、A 专 题 1 9概 要 写 作 之 说 明 文+高 考 题 型 组 合 练 y ztx q e:H【考 情 链 接】概 要 写 宿,简 言 之 就 是 对 所 读 过 的 文 章 简 要 概 括,写 出 文 章 的 中 心 大 意,也 可 称 之 为 摘 要。写 概 要 时,是 把 文 章 的 具 体 信 息 用 一 些 具 有 概 括 功 能 的 词 和 句 表 述 出 来,而 不 是 抄 袭 文 章 的 原 句,更 不 是 把 细 节 性 信 息 作 为 中 心,而 是 要 通 过 对 文 章 中 的 单 词、词 组 和 句 子 进 行 合 理 转 换,对 文 章 的 具 体 信 息 进
2、 行 概 括,再 用 合 适 的 语 言 表 述 出 来。这 题 型 主 要:考 查 学 生 对 文 章 主 旨 大 意 的 概 括 和 准 确 获 取 关 键 词 的 能 力,同 时 考 查 学 生 用 简 洁 的 语 言 概 括 文 章 重 要 信 息 的 能 力 以 及 对 文 章 整 体 结 构 的 把 握 能 力。因 此,概 要 写 作 是 基 于 阅 读 理 解 和 书 面 表 达,是 二 者 的 有 机 结 合 体,是 阅 读 理 解 和 书 面 表 达 的 沟 通 桥 梁。上 海 高 考 概 要 写 作 一 般 以 说 明 文 为 主、议 论 文 次 之.,记 叙 文 少 有
3、涉 及。近 年 来 实 验 研 究 报 告 类 说 明 才 是 考 雀 热 点,【要 点 梳 理】要 点 一:说 明 文 概 要 写 作 技 巧 说 明 文(E xposition)写 作 抓 住 关 键 句:文 章 第 一 段 和 各 段 第 一 句。说 明 文 体 的 阅 读 材 料 内 容 大 致 可 以 分 为 以 下 几 类:现 象 揭 示 类:The article points out the common phenomenon一(主 题),which(补 充 解 释)利 弊 对 比 类:The article compares the disadvantages/benefit
4、s of A and B.A.while B.The passage discusses the impact of sth.On the positive side,.,but it may also.研 究 显 示 类:The study reveals that.;The purpose of the report is to show that.A 要 点 二:说 明 文 概 要 写 作 模 板 说 明 文:phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(cause and effect),introduction of an object(how it isma
5、de,how it is used,how it may change,what makes it new or significant)要 点 三:说 明 文 概 要 写 作 的 步 骤 1.Skim the text to find out the general them e.快 读 原 文,明 确 主 题 2.Analyze the texts structure to divide it into several sections,find out the main idea of each section and writeit out briefly with your own
6、words,(one sentence)划 分 各 段,找 出 要 点 3.Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details.抓 重 点,去 枝 节 4.Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achievecoherence.归 纳 整 理,转 述 大 意 5.Proofread fbr grammatical,spelling and
7、 punctuation mistakes.复 读 核 对,检 查 错 误 Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and themain point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.(2017 普 陀 一 模)Teaching Is“One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”The UK government has just published
8、 a repoat on the future of secondary school teaching,and theconclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding Deople who wantto be teachers.Since the 1980s,the number of graduates who would“seriously consider,9 teaching as a careerhas fallen sharply,from
9、64%in 1982 to just 17%today.The report suggests that urgent action needs to betaken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.The main 力 awbacl(缺 点)of secondary teaching,according to the report,is the low salary.Earnings inteaching are much lower than in many other jobs.Jo
10、anne Manners,24,is a good example:I graduated inmaths last year,and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher-but I saw Icould earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising,so I decided not to become a teacher.”Ifs not just about the money,however.The s
11、urvey concluded that another reason why people dont wantto be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school.A lot of schools have problems withdiscipline,and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect fbr teachers as in the past.Heresthe view of Dave Hallam,an accountant
12、 from London:I think parents are to blame.They should have stricterrules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one.It says that the governmentshould raise teachers pay si
13、gnificantly、to catch up with workers in other professions.It also indicates that thegovernment could launch a nationwide publicity campaign,with some advertisements on TV and in thenewspapers,to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.做 题 步 骤:Step 1:细 读 全 文,明 确 主 题。本 文 主 要 是 描 述 教 师 是 英
14、国 最 不 受 欢 迎 的 工 作。Step 2:划 分 要 点。本 文 分 5 个 要 点,已 在 文 中 标 出。提 出 主 题 两 点 原 因 两 点 建 议。和 要 点 可 以 合 并。Step 3:标 主 题 句 或 关 键 词。已 在 文 中 用 横 线 标 出 每 段 主 题 句。Step 4:概 括。As is reported,secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers.The reasons arclow salary and kids bad behaviors.Th
15、erefore,poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents needto discipline them at home.Also,government should increase teachers1 income and promote a teaching campaign todisplay teachings bright side.(55words).Summary!Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize in no more than 60
16、 words the main idea of the passage andhow it is illustrated.Use your own words as far as possible.Planted forests are far from universally popular.In Ireland,the criticisms focus on the sitka spruce,afast-growing,damp-tolerant tree from Americas Pacific Northwest.Spruce plantations are said to cont
17、ain no life.They are accused of wrecking rural communities and driving farmers off the land.And they are said to be out ofplace in mostly pastoral(田 园 风 光 的)setting.Gerry McGovern,another farmer in County Leitrim,puts it bluntlyconifer forests are not landscape*.The first charge is false.Mark Wilson
18、 of the British Trust for Ornithology says that spruce plantations-supportmore bird life than farmland,largely because they harbour more insects.Inevitably,some birds benefit mare thanothers.The march of spruces across-Britain and Ireland has increased the numbers of spruce loving birds such assiski
19、ns and crossbills.The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture,is only partly true.Forestry subsidies(补 贝 占)and regulations have indeed changes Ireland*s land market.Farmers who plant trees get generous payments fbr15 years,while continuing to receive ordinary farming subsidi
20、es.At that point,with perhaps 20 years to go beforespruces are harvested,they often sell to pension funds and other investors.The final accusation,that forests aredramatically changing the appearance of the countryside,is spot-on.Advocates may point to a forested past.Butrural people have become use
21、d to the landscape as it is and often do not want it to change.What worries MrStenson,in County Leitrim,is not just that the ever-spreading trees will displace farmers and make it hard fbr himto acquire more land,but also that they will prevent him from seeing his neighbours*lights at night.【参 考 答 案
22、】In Ireland,planted forests are far from universally popular.The first reason is that Spruce plantations are said tocontain no life.Actually,the charge is false.The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture,isonly partly true.The final accusation that forests are dramatically
23、changing the appearance of the countryside isspot-on.【解 析】本 文 是 说 明 文。在 文 章 中,作 者 说 明 了 人 工 森 林 在 爱 尔 兰 不 受 欢 迎 的 原 因 并 且 对 人 们 不 喜 欢 人 工 深 林 的 原 因 进 行 评 论。【详 解】1 要 点 摘 录 1.Planted forests are far from universally popular.2.Spruce plantations are said to contain no life.3 The first charge is false.4
24、.The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture,is only partly true.5.The final accusation,that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside,is spot-on.2.缜 密 构 思 第 一 句 话 引 出 文 章 即 将 要 解 释 说 明 的 话 题:将 第 2、3 要 点 进 行 重 组,罗 列 4、5 要 点,表 达 了 人 们 不 喜 欢 人 工 林 的 原
25、 因。3.遣 词 造 句 In Ireland,planted forests arc far from universally popular.The first reason that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life is false.The second accusation is that trees push out other kinds of agriculture,is only partly true.The final accusation thatforests are dramatically changin
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