高三英语专题复习-阅读理解解题技巧.xls

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1、1点击朗诵16国外语：需要启用宏后才能使用朗诵功能启用方法：先启用编辑，然后启用宏内容。2003版启用方法如下：工具宏安全性低或中重启文档启用宏）31354不会启用宏？点击查看帮助：office2003帮助 请根据内容选择以下语种，再点击单词朗诵，祝你学习进步！1en#N/A2“声读”3“译读”4“回读”5“析读”6“参照读”7“视幅过窄”8“毛病”bad habits:教学过程中发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。摒弃不良的阅读习惯。高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。

2、不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线弄清who、what、where、why与how。描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题主题词往往出现在各个句子里 贯穿文章的始末 紧围绕这个主题进行阅读 找到文章与之有关的信息并确定信息与主题的关系。说明文多见于科普文章用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系这类文体的文章 首句往往是主题句开门见山说明文章的关注对象弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式 把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。体裁分析能力论述文的阅读难在这种

3、文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手.文章的结构往往容易把握用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。体裁分析能力细节理解题细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题 它们大英语 韩国语 法语 日语 德语 葡萄牙语 西班牙语 阿拉伯语瑞典语 南非荷兰语 捷克语 泰语 越南语 中文 世界语 塞尔维亚语 第 1 页

4、，共 50 页多是根据 文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到 比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子再对相关的部分进行细读 找出正确答案。1、是非题出题形式 a.三正一误Which of the following is true except?Which of the following is mentioned exceptb.三误一正 Which of the following is true?这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列

5、问法相联系 Which of the following mentioned exceptWhich of the following is not mentioned?这种问题的正确选项所包含的信息通常连续出现在同一段而且往往无列举标志词 如firstsecondthird等。做题时只需阅读有关段落根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项剩下一个原文中未提到的为正确答案。分析题干能力2、例证题例子为高考阅读理解的常见考点之一这类题的基本结构为:The author provides in line(或Paragraph)an example in order to意思是问文中举出某现

6、象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例子在原文出现的位置 但不管如何这个例子之前或之后不远处通常都有一句总结说明性的话这句话就是答案 即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关则例证主题 答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关 就例证段落主题则答案为段落主题句此外答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。分析题干能力3、年代与数字:这个考点有几种出题方式但不管以何种形式出现只要题干问年代与数字答案就对应于文章中的年代与数字。4、比较:比较考点的表现形式主要有a.比较级与含有比较意义的词汇手段和句型结构b.表示绝对意义的字眼first(第一)least(最不)most(最)等 第

7、 2 页，共 50 页c.表示惟一性的词汇 only,unique等 阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇 便于做题时回原文定位。分析题干能力5、原因这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示 result,reason;result in(结果)result from(由于 baseon(以为基础)be due to(由于)because,for,why;as a result,consequently等。阅读时对这些提示词应该予以注意。原文相关句出现的格式都是先说原因 后说结果 而在题干中通常给出结果 就其原因提问。分析题干能力Invited by Mr.Ye Hu

8、ixian,host of the well received TV programme“Stars Tonight”Miss Luo Lin,Miss Asia of 1991appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hong Kong when she was only six years oldLuo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to

9、be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition,she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years.Howeverit still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage,dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners,designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard

10、 job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow,I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time,in Shanghai,Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience,said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.QWhich of the following

11、 is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.解析A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案而B项原文列的是taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents因此选B。return主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种

12、 1The general/main idea of the passage is about _2Which of the following best states the theme of the passage3In this passage the author discusses primarily _4 The passage is mostly about _ 5 The passage is mainly concerned about _ 6What is the main topic of the passage 第 3 页，共 50 页7What is the best

13、 title for the passage8The subject discussed in this text is _ 9The authors main purposein writing the passage is to?10The passage is meant to.?11The purpose ofthis article is to 分析题干能力在解主题大意时 以下方法可供参考。1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词即高频词也叫做主题词。04年全国卷1 河南等 E篇中major出现过八次 尽管其词性、词义有

14、所不同但它就是关键词。3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如 On the whole,in short,thereforeI agree with the opinion thatGiven all these points above,I would support the idea thatFor all the reasons mentioned above,I would prefer 掌握了找主题句的方法就可以依据主题句归纳主题。但归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误需要同学们注意。1 以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题。2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛 与细

15、节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证。3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。分析题干能力Sample 1People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetables and fruits or gra

16、ins and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.1主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to

17、 do.Others prefer to be left to work on their own.Still others like a democratic discussion type of class.No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.2主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。Sample 3Nothing is as useful as a flashlight

18、 on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the campfi

19、re has been out.3 在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.return有关推理的试题常常包括以下类型 1)It can be inferred from the text that _.2)From the text we know that _.第 4 页，共 50 页3)The story implies that _.4)The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _.5)The writers a

20、ttitude toward.is _.6)The author impliedsuggestedthat 7)It may be concluded from the passage that8)Which of the following statements does the passage support 9)With which of the following does the author agree分析题干能力考作者观点态度的提问方式有1)The author seems to think that _.2)The writer is trying to present a p

21、oint of view in _.3)The author wants to appeal to _.4)The authors style is _.5)The authors tone would be best described as _.6)What is the authors opinion of _?7)The writer believe that_?8)What is the authors main purpose in the passage?9In the authors opinion_?分析题干能力推断题1.解推断题应注意(1)不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点(2

22、)推理的根据来自于上下文。2.解推断题的方法 解推断题最主要的方法是根据词义关系推断具体细节。确定作者态度 可以有两种思路1、问全文主体事物的(包括主题)可以根据阐述主题或有关主体事物的相关句中的形容词、副词或动词确定作者的态度 2、如果问的是对某一具体事物的态度则可以定位到具体相关句然后确定答案。分析题干能力Example 1 One day a man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches(蟑螂)and two spid

23、ers.”“What do you need these things for?”the shop assistant was very surprised.“Well”replied the man“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”QThe passage suggests that when the writer moved into the house,it wa

24、s _.A.very cleanB.just cleaned by the landlord 第 5 页，共 50 页C.tidy and comfortable D.dirty and full of insects解析他要搬出所租的房子而房东要求房屋必须是他租进来时的原样所以他须买些老鼠和蟑螂等昆虫对房屋进行“恢复”因此推出答案为D。Example 2Some people are never right.They never have good luck.They usually do the wrong thing and say the wrong thing.And even if

25、 what they say or do is OK they as a rule say it or do it at the wrong time.So these people always have problems.They often break dishes.They sometimes miss buses and airplanes.Mr.Neff is different.He is always right.He is never wrong.He usually has good luck.He seldom has problems.He never breaks d

26、ishes.He never misses buses or airplanes.Even if he does miss themit is always the fault of the buses or air planes.Mr.Neff knows almost everything.He doesnt ask questions he answers questions.He never says“I dont know.”QWhich of the following best describes the writers attitude to Mr.Neff?A.He find

27、s Mr.Neff hard to understand.B.He thinks Mr.Neff wonderful.C.He feels pity for Mr.Neff.D.He does not like Mr.Neff.解析从作者的语气中我们可以体会他的态度 特别是Even if he does miss themit is always the fault of the buses or the airplanes.误了车或飞机本该是人的失误怎能归咎于车或飞机呢明显是讥讽 也是暗示他对Mr.Neff的讨厌之情。答案为D。return如何根据上下文判断词语的涵义这种题型常见的设题方式有

28、1The underlined word phrasein the passage means _2The word it themin the first paragraph refers to _ 3 The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _ 4 Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph分析题干能力一根据常识、经验猜生词例如 The old man put on his spectac

29、les and began to read 第 6 页，共 50 页The door was so low that I hit the head on the lintel猜词能力二 根据上下文解释做出判断其方法主要有 1 根据文中的定义、解释猜生词。例如 Skimming means looking over a passage quickly to get themain idea before you begin to read it carefullyThe harbor is protected by a jettya wall built out into thewater2利用

30、事例或解释猜生词。例如The doctor is studying glaucoma and other diseases of theeye3利用重复解释的信息猜生词。例如Mr.Smith always arrives home punctually neither early norlate 猜词能力4 根据同位关系进行判断阅读中出现一些难词 有时后面就是一个同位语对前面的词进行解释 这种解释有时也用连词“or”连接。a NMET2001D篇 and other Germanic and Nordic peoples who spoke what we now call Anglo-Sax

31、onor Old English a Germanic languageb NMET2002A篇 The Chunnela tunnel 隧道connecting England and France is now complete 猜词能力 三利用标点符号和提示词猜测词义One of the obstacles to false reading is vocalizingsaying the words to themselves in a low voice The early scientific study of chemistryknown asalchemygrew up in E

32、gypt in the first few centuriesAD 猜词能力四 根据上下文的指代关系进行选择文章中的代词itthathehim或them可以指上文提到的人或物 其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远要认真查找也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结 才能得出代词所指代的事。例如NMET2002 A篇原题第57题 What does the underlined word itparagraph 2 refer toADiscovering the moons inner space B Using the earths inner spaceCMeeting t

33、he moonpeople“again 第 7 页，共 50 页DTraveling to outer space原文Howeverthe question that moon people asked is still an interesting oneA growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it猜词能力由此可以看出it指上句中的the question而the question又指第一段中月球人所提的问题。所以根据第一段中的问题Why are you traveling to outer space when

34、 you dont even use your inner space 就可以判断出答案为B。五 根据转折或对比关系进行判断根据上下句的连接词如buthoweverotherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。分号 还可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。He has been getting better but during the night hiscondition deteriorated猜词能力(六)根据因果关系进行判断根据原因可以预测结果根据结果也可以找出原因。NMET2001A篇Biggest power failure in the c

35、ityshistoryAll of our ice-cream and frozen foods melted 猜词能力后一句承接前一句前一句的原因导致后一句的结果。根据因果关系停电很可能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品溶化 所以melted的词义应为溶化。七根据构词法合成、派生、转化进行判断英语中 有很多词可以在前面加前缀后面加后缀从而构成一个词乍看起来这个词可能是生词但掌握了一定的构词法知识就不难猜出它的词义。例如 NMET2002 B篇 Market research shows that Goldand others who buy organic food can generally give

36、clearreasons for their preferences-but their knowledge of organicfood is far from complete猜词能力我们知道 prefer的意思是宁愿 愿意 根据上下文可以判断prefer的名词形式preference的含义应是偏爱 爱好。根据近年来高考阅读理解对同学们提出新的要求建议同学们在以下几个方面加强自我训练1猜测熟词新含义例1:The major market force rests in t he growing population of white collar employees(白领雇员)who can

37、 afford the new service.例2:“It was the best night we had ever had”,said Angela Carraro,who runs an Italian restaurant.第 8 页，共 50 页猜测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析能力外 还要求同学们有较宽的知识面对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法 并将这些词进行简要归纳整理。2 猜测词性变换新词含义When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago how could they even begin to picture

38、 modern life?利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义 关键应在理解原词的基础上 分析它的新词性并结合原词含义发挥合理想象 从而概括抽象出它的新词义。猜词能力反问法绝对词否决法;答案项中有绝对语气词的一般不是正确答案项。这些语气词有:must,always,never,the most,all,only,have to,any,no,very,completely,none,hardly等。怀疑词判断法选项中含有不十分肯定的语气词一般是正确答案项。这些语气词有can,could,may,should,usually,might,most(大多数),more or less,relatively,

39、be likely to,possible,whether or,not necessarily等。关键词对应法(ABC=ABC法;ABC=ABC法;ABC=CBA法;ABCABD法)选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项而同义替换的一般是选项。猜答案能力锅盖法较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的选项一般是答案项。A.to be more successful in his careerB.to solve technical problemsC.to be more specialized in his fieldD.to develop his professional skillB“解决技术问题

40、”C“深化专业”D“发展职业技能”。这三项表达的意思都比较具体 而A项则概括地有深度 包括了B、C、D三项内容。选项中表达意义较具体的、肤浅的字面意思一般不是答案项而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项。猜答案能力其他技巧1.文长题少2.文短题多3.重点读段首句和段未句 看是否有主题句4.问题要求解答案数字、人名、地名、时间5.抓关键词的办法6.画下不懂的难句猜答案能力提供 顾燕卿 嘉兴英语教学整理 第 9 页，共 50 页7“视幅过窄”8“毛病”bad habits:教学过程中 发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿摒弃不良的阅读习惯。高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有

41、这样几种文体 即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落 文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线 弄清who、what、where、why与how。结果及其相互之间的关系这类文体的文章 首句往往是主题句 开门见山 说明文章的关注对象 弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式 把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。体裁分析能力论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手.文章的结构往往容易把握用主题句开门见山。作者往往点同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。体裁分析

42、能力细节理解题 细节理解题就是我们常见的wh-题 它们大 第 10 页，共 50 页可以在文章中直接找到答案有些则要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到 比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。做此类题的方法一般是先用寻读法找出与问题相关的词语或句子 再对相关的部分进行细读 找出正确答案。1、是非题出题形式 a.三正一误 Which of the following is true except?b.三误一正Which of the following is true?这种做题方法主要与三正一误的下列问法相联系 有关段落根据一个选项中的关键词在其前后找其他两个正确先项 剩下一个原文中未提到

43、的 为正确答案。分析题干能力2、例证题order to意思是问文中举出某现象或例子的目的。文章中举出一些例子无非是为了说明一定的道理。关键在于这个例常都有一句总结说明性的话这句话就是答案即举例的目的。如果例子与全文主题有关 则例证主题 答案为主题句。如果例子与段落主题有关 就例证段落主题 则答案为段落主题句 此外 答案为例子前后总结说明性的话。分析题干能力3、年代与数字:这个考点有几种出题方式 但不管以何种形式出 第 11 页，共 50 页阅读最好能圈出表示最高级、惟一性和绝对意义的词汇便于做题时回原文定位。分析题干能力5、原因 这种题的答案在原文通常有一些表示因果关系的词汇手段提示 resu

44、lt,reason;result in(结果)result from(由于baseon(以为基础)be due to(由于)because,for,why;说原因后说结果而在题干中通常给出结果就其原因提问。分析题干能力Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian,host of the well received TV programme“Stars Tonight”Miss Luo Lin,Miss Asia of 1991 appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai Luo Lin has never dreamed of being M

45、iss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition,she had been an airhostess in Cat hay Airline for seven years.Howeverit still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage,dancing,singing,making-up and other proper“Its really a hard job

46、for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow,I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time,in Shanghai,Id love to make a deep A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hong Kong with her parents.C.Luo Lin

47、 won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.解析 A、C 和D都可在原文找到答案 而B项原文列的是 taken to Hong Kong可判断不是moved to Hong Kong with her parents 因此选B。return主旨大意题的提问方式有以下几种 3In this passage the author discusses primarily _ 4 The passage is mostly about _ 5 The passage i

48、s mainly concerned about _ 第 12 页，共 50 页?10The passage is meant to.?11 The purpose ofthis article is to 分析题干能力在解主题大意时 以下方法可供参考。1.认真阅读文章的第一段或每段的第一个句子。2.文章的主题作者往往有意识地反复论述。抓住反复出现的中心词 过八次尽管其词性、词义有所不同但它就是关键词。3.文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后。例如 On the whole,in short,therefore题容易出现以下三种错误需要同学们注意。1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧

49、面就误以为是主题。2 过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛 与细节脱节或是没有对细节3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。分析题干能力Sample 1People have different tastes in food.Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat.Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal.Others prefer vegetabl

50、es and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti,eggplant,and fresh fruit.Others could live on what were called fast-foods:a hamburger or hot dog,French fries and a soft drink.1主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头 其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文 科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tell