实用英语作文写作技巧.doc

《实用英语作文写作技巧.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《实用英语作文写作技巧.doc（48页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、一、 概述1大学英语课程教学要求对四级英语写作的要求能够填写常见的表格如注册表、申请表、问卷调查等能够写给或回复他人祝贺卡、生日卡、邀请信、便条、短信、通知等；能写出简单的指示语、个人广告、社团海报、个人简历等；能简要的描述个人经历、发生的事件、读过的故事、观看的影片、喜怒哀乐等情感，写出或回答个人或公司的信函、电子邮件、传真等；能就一定的话题或提纲在30分钟内写出120词左右的短文，内容完整、用词恰当、语义连贯；能在一般写作或应用文作文中恰当使用相应的技能。2. 评分原则作文采用总体评分方法，阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判。内容和

2、语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想；要考虑是否用英语清楚而准确的表达思想，即要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。评分应避免趋中倾向，该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分。3评分标准短文写作部分满分为15分。阅卷标准共分五等：14分、11分、8分、5分及2分。各有参考卷一至两份。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照参考卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。各段评分标准：14分 - 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通

3、顺。连惯性较好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（漂漂亮亮）11分 - 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。（清清爽爽）8分 - 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。（马马虎虎）5分 - 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。（糊里糊涂）2分 - 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。（一塌糊涂）注意：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。实用英语作文写作技巧审题与构思审题与构思是作文写作成功与否的关键一步。审题就是对所给的作文题目和要求进行仔细

4、分析、揣摩，并准确理解题目的要求，切勿偏离题目，避免离题。构思则是指构思出文章的总体结构。它是在审题和仔细分析题目的基础上，按照题目要求来确定文章的主题、内容和范围。同时还要考虑语言的使用、例证的选择。正确审题与精心构思是成功写作的先决条件，也是写作的一个首要环节。1. 怎样审题一般来说，审题首先要读懂题目的字面意思，看清所给提纲的内容，并分析和领会题目与提纲各点之间的密切关系，千万不要就提纲本身就事而论。同时又要深刻理解作文题目的内涵和要求，以便了解和掌握作文写作的主旨大意。一般说来，作文的主题就是作文的中心，中心思想贯穿每个提示句或主句，而每个提示句或段主句又从不同的角度来支撑和说明作文的

5、中心。因此，要紧紧围绕着这个中心来进行写作。 Can Road Accidents be avoided?我们看过这个题目后 ，透过它的表层和深层含义，可以 明确这篇文章的主题。题目 要求我们必须先阐述交通事故的比率越来越高，其次就交通事故是否能避免表明不同人的不同观点。为此，这个题目的写作内容应包括；1. 在 我们的国家或城市交通事故越来越多2. 一些人认为交通事故可以（或很难）避免。3. 你的观点因此，可以采用议论文得文体，并 根据以上中心内容分三个段落组成这篇文章。How I Fight My Fear Of Speaking in publicOutline;1. 我过去常常害怕在公众

6、面前讲话2. 我是如何克服这种恐惧症得。 根据体刚和题目，可以决定采用叙述文的文体。1.2 怎样构思总体构思此时 应集中全部精力进行思考，具体策划出文章该如何展开，哪些地方要详写，哪些地方要简写，哪些内容先写,哪些内容后写，需要举哪些例子等。此外，为了加强文章的逻辑性，还应该考虑采用哪种思路去写 等等。这些都应该有一个总的安排、设计。我们大致可以把一篇文章中得段落作用划分为三种1. 引言段 (introduction) 通常揭示文章的主题及背景材料。2. 主题段落（Body）经常由若干个段落构成，是文章中情节发展、事实说明或层层递进得部分。3. 结论段（conclusion） 常常是由整篇文章

7、得出得简短结论，或者事情发展到了最后的一个情节或这事情的结果、结局等。具体策划文章的具体写方案Make the road safer1. Road accidents are often reported in this country.2. there are several ways to cut down road accidents.3. Of course, there are many other ways to avoid traffic accidents, but_.根据做文的第二段的中心思想，在第二段要求写出有几种可以减少交通事故。我们可能会涌现出许多方法，例如，加宽道路；

8、禁止司机酒后驾车、疲劳驾车；违规罚款等，但这都是一些非常具体的措施，不能一一列举，应该确定写出几种比较有代表性得、比较全面的、益于表达的方法There are several ways to cut down road accidents. First, the government has the responsibility to do its best to improve road condition (for example, build more highways, widen the old narrow ways, check it every crossing has tra

9、ffic lights). Second, local authorities should educate people in every possible way to obey the traffic laws. Third, People themselves also have the responsibility to learn to obey traffic laws.许多考省得写作失败往往不是在写作之中，而是在动笔之前的构思。1. 3草拟提纲有了明确细致而具体的写作提纲，写起文章来又快又不零乱。假如动笔时没有草拟提纲，就有可能出现思路紊乱，条理不清，漏洞百出及跑题等现象。因此

10、，很有必要养成草拟提纲得好习惯。 四、六级考试及考研作文考试中所给得提纲或段首句本身是粗线条得写作提纲，考生只要按照其思路，顺其发展，再细致地展开就会成为很好的写作提纲。注意事项1. 着眼全文，段落着手2. 从自己的实际水平出发。要从实际出发，不要好高骛远，决对避免表达一些超出自己实际写作能力的内容。有些学生总想阐述一些哲理性强的思想和选用一些复杂的句子，然而事与愿违，他们英语表达能力无法使他们自由驰骋，勉强表达出来地晦涩难懂，错误百出。句子写作1. 句子准确性，即语法、语义和结构的正确，2. 句式得多样化，避免单调呆板。1. 用词规范The boy is higher than Mark b

11、y a head.My voice shook with excitement.His parents forbade him from going out.句法正确 即避免犯语法错误如主谓不一致，结构不统一，时态、语态混乱和不符合英语用法习惯等Every man, women, and child were asked to go to this evening party.I left the classroom after the lecture was finished.He looked out and saw a young lady coming through the wind

12、ow.It is high time we do something to reduce traffic accidents.I was walking in the street yesterday afternoon, I saw my girl friend.(句子不统一)There have been more and more road accidents happened in recent years.句子结构和意思的完整1. 遣词造句主观随意性大，写完之后来不及检查，有时出现半个句子，或者只有从句无主句等2. 常用汉语习惯套用英语句子，读起来意思挺顺，可是不符合英文地表达习惯3

13、.语法知识淡薄，对句子地基本组成模式不清Many people in our country prefer riding bike to go to work. Because it is cheaper and convenient.Bicycles are so popular in China.that almost every family has at least one.He loves the dog than his brother.However, too many examinations probably make us very tired and nervous, a

14、nd waste our much time and useless at all.句式变换多样增加作文的闪光点Many people watch television. They spend so much time in front of it. They never really experience their own lives. Many people spend so much time in front of television that never really experienced their own lives. 很多考生喜欢用we should来表明一种正确的态度和

15、方法。如果一篇作文中出现几次这种句型，就 很单调、死板，单一。It will be wise for us toIt is important for us toOnly when we take measures now, can we1. 运用从属连词after, because, if, though, so that etc.The thief disguised himself. No one would recognized him.(so )2.运用分词，不定式短语，介词短语和副词等，置于句首。He saw an old man get on the bus, he quickl

16、y stood up to offer him the seat.Seeing an old man get on the bus, he quickly stood up to offer her the seat.3.同位语形式My desire to go abroad will soon be a reality. It has been a dream all of my life.My desire to go abroad, a dream all of my life, will soon be a reality.3. 使用强调句，倒装句等It must be made us

17、e of properly, then it can produce good effectsOnly when it is made use of properly, can it produce good effects.段落得写作构成：主体句（topic sentence）,扩展句（development）,有时还会出现结论句（Conclusion）主题句： 按照提纲和提示通常用一句话来说明段落得中心思想。扩展句：用几个例子或几句话来 进一步论述、证实主题句。结论句：通常用一句话来概括全段、归纳、重申或呼应主题（并不是每段都有）(Topic Sentence) Some people a

18、re pessimistic when they think about the future.( Development) They fear that the overgrowth of population will bring about terrible consequences, the earth will become too crowded, the natural resources will be used up, many people will be unemployed. And finally the problem of pollution will grow

19、worse and worse.(Conclusion)In a word, a crisis will occur sooner or later on our earth. 扩展句1 They fear that. 主题句 扩展句2. the earth will 结论句 扩展句3. the natural resources 扩展句4. many people will 扩展句5. And finallyhomeworkTelevision .1. Television presents a vivid world in front of us._2. Television can al

20、so play an educational role in our daily life._3. However, television can also be harmful._.图表作文图表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文写作能力，而且要求作者具较强观察能力、分析能力和充分的想象力。图表作文和曲线作文都具有信息表达集中、一目了然的特点。我们在写作图表作文时，图形表格和曲线图上的资料数据无需一条不漏的在作文中加以描述。写作时，必须选择有典型性和代表性的重点数据，同时要注意文章的整体结构，详略得当。写作图表作文时，应当明确的是，在作文中引用一些有关数据的目的主要是为了更有说服力地阐明或论述某个

21、论点。对于要求客观陈述图表信息内容的作文来说，图表作文的写作要点和展开方式主要侧重对比分析和说明资料数据之间的关系上。通过此种方式，最后分析和查出规律，归纳得出结论。但是对于要求深入分析资料数据原因的图表作文来说，此种图表作文的写作要点和展开方式还应透过图表资料数据的表层，把写作的重点放在查找分析资料背景的深层次内在的原因上，我们一般可以采取先阐述图表数据所反映的问题，进而筛选出有关的数据资料进行深入的分析讨论，分析出产生这一问题的原因，最后找出解决这一问题的方法。过渡词的使用常用于开头的过渡词：Generally speaking. 一般来说It goes without saying th

22、at.不用说There is no doubt that毫无疑问As is known to all 总所周知As the proverb says正如谚语所说As the saying goes. 俗话说It is true that.的确There is no doubt that different books give different kinds of knowledge. Some are good and others are bad.As the saying goes, caution is the parent of safety.过渡词常用于句子间的衔接用连接词表示地点

23、：there, here, nearby, beyond, above, under etc.时间：now, soon. Then, immediately etc.表示举例：for example, for instance, thus, that is etc.连接词连接句子：however, but, still, in spite of, nevertheless etc.用转折词表示结果：therefore, as result, consequently, for this reason, hence etc.用连接词附加前面的内容：also, and, then, too, in

24、 addition to, moreover, further again etc.用转折词表示前后顺序：first, second, third, last, the former, the later, in the first place, next etc.过渡词常用于段落间的过渡表示时间的过渡词：since, ever since, from then on, soon after, later, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time etc.Since then, people have become more and more

25、interested in learning English.表示次序的过渡词：first, second, third, first, then, finally; to begin with, then, furthermore; at first, then, a last; first of all, in the first place, some, others, still otherfirst of all, an excellent teacher must be a learned man. The second, he must know how to make his

26、lessons vivid and easy to understand. The third, he must be in good terms with his students.表示比较和对照的过渡词：like, similarly, as well as, conversely, on the other hand, by comparison, unlike, in contrast etc.表示因果关系的过渡词：because, for this/ that reason, due to, therefore, thus, hence, so that, as a result,

27、consequently, etc.we played cards, we were so happy that we forgot the time. As a result I missed the bus and had to walk home.表示转折让步的过渡词：but, however, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, though, in spite of, despite etc.表示补充说明或强调的过渡词有：furthermore, besides, also, in addition,

28、moreover, what is more, most important, above all, in particular, indeedNow ,it is the time to become concerned with the future of ours. In particular, we must pay enough attention to the problem of pollution.过渡词常用于段落的结尾in summary, to sum up, in conclusion总而言之in short, in brief简言之on the whole, all i

29、n all总的来说as has been noted, as I have said如前所述in my opinion 依我看来therefore, thus, Hence因此，所以eventually 最后from this point of view从这个观点来说in short, I think that the time has come for the introduction of strict measures to protect our environment. 1. 现代社会里充满了竞争与压力。2.然而，有时压力并非坏事。3.当然，过多的压力有害于我们的健康。范文Press

30、ure In our modern society marked by competition, people have to be faced with various kinds of pressure, the pressure from work, from family, from study and even from your heart. And a lot of people are afraid of the pressure. They keep complaining about every thing and appear very anxious.However,

31、a certain measure of pressure is not necessarily bad. Just suppose without pressure how a high school student can pass the entrance to the university?And the fear of losing ones job keeps a worker working hard. Therefore , it is no exaggeration to say that pressure runs the world around.2. Of course

32、 too much pressure is harmful to our life. He who cannot handle the pressure might collapse someday if it is too much to endure. Weve already heard too many examples of this. Thus the question is we must learn how to relieve ourselves of the burden of work and study and at the same time, let the stimulus continue to drive us to efforts.v48