2011上海考研英语一真题及答案.pdf

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1、20112011 上海考研英语一真题及答案上海考研英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issuerecently.The court cannot1its l

2、egitimacy as guardian of the rule oflaw2justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justicesacted in ways that3the courts reputation for being independent andimpartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the cou

3、rts decisions will be4as impartialjudgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not5by an ethics code.At the very least,the court should make itself6to the code of conductthat7to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases8the question of whether there is stilla9between t

4、he court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law10having authority apart frompolitics.They gave justices permanent positions11they would be freeto12those in power and have no need to13political support.Our legalsystem was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because

5、they are soclosely14.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted infundamental social15like liberty and property.When the court deals withsocial policy decisions,the law it16is inescapably politicalwhich is whydecisions split along ideological lines are so easily17as unjus

6、t.The justices must18doubts about the courts legitimacy by makingthemselves19to the code of conduct.That would make their rulings more likelyto be seen as separate from politics and,20,convincing as law.1.Aemphasize Bmaintain Cmodify Drecognize2.Awhen Blest Cbefore Dunless3.Arestored Bweakened Cesta

7、blished Deliminated4.Achallenged Bcompromised Csuspected Daccepted5.Aadvanced Bcaught Cbound Dfounded6.Aresistant Bsubject Cimmune Dprone7.Aresorts Bsticks Cleads Dapplies8.Aevade Braise Cdeny Dsettle9.Aline Bbarrier Csimilarity Dconflict10.Aby Bas Cthrough Dtowards11.Aso Bsince Cprovided Dthough12.

8、Aserve Bsatisfy Cupset Dreplace13.Aconfirm Bexpress Ccultivate Doffer14.Aguarded Bfollowed Cstudied Dtied15.Aconcepts Btheories Cdivisions Dconventions16.Aexcludes Bquestions Cshapes Dcontrols17.Adismissed Breleased Cranked Ddistorted18.Asuppress Bexploit Caddress Dignore19.Aaccessible Bamiable Cagr

9、eeable Daccountable20.Aby all means Bat all costs Cin a word Das a result答案解析：1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是_ _法官表现得像政治家的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选 C,maintain维持，保持，其他显然语义不通。2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。只有 B，when 表示这个意思。3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说

10、明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。只有 B，weaken 能表示这个意思。4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选 D，be accepted as.被认为是。5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于法官没有_ _道德规范。后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选 C，bound。6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析 5 可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject 与 to 连用，表示服从某物，受

11、支配。故本题选 B。7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由 that 引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。apply to 适用于符合题意。resortto 求助于;stick to 坚持(原则等)语意不通。8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政治之间是否还存在着界限。提出问题，产生问题用只能选 raise。9.【答案】A【解析】根据第 8 题可知，空内应填 line，界限。barrier 障碍，similarity相似性，conflict冲突都不合题意。10.【答案】B【解析】根据句意，宪

12、法的起草者们预想的是将司法从政治中分出来，让其享有独立的权力。envision as 将想象成。所以选 B。11.【答案】A【解析】本题考察逻辑搭配。本选项答案的确定需结合前句意思，制宪者旨在使法律不受政治的任何影响，这样一来，法官就可以免受掌权者的影响了。此空就是考察由此所带来的结果，故选A。12.【答案】C【解析】此题承接上题，可知法律不受政治的影响，从而法官也不用担心掌权者(those inpower)。13.【答案】C【解析】此题承接上题,结合句意,可知该半句主要表达法官也无需政治支持了。选项 C最符题意。14.【答案】D【解析】此题考察词意辨析。原句表达我们的法律体系是法律完全不受政

13、治的影响，是因为这两者是紧密。结合句意思，D最合题意.15.【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。文中说宪法具有政治性，是因其的选择都是植根于诸如自由，财产之类的基本社会。中。自由，财产是西方社会的一些基本社会理念或概念，故选A。16.【答案】C【解析】此题考察词意辨析。首先分析该句，可知空白处添加上一动词可构成一定语从句，限定the law。其次，文中语境表达当法律处理社会政策决策问题时，。的法律不可避免的具有政治性。四个选项中，C为最佳答案。17.【答案】A【解析】此题考察词意辨析。可由文中语境得知，该半句主要表达这也就解释了为何背离思想路线的决策被看作是不公正的，从而被轻易的.。结合语境，

14、以及四个选项的意思，可知A最佳。18.【答案】C【解析】此题考察词意辨析。由文中语境可知该句主要表达法官必须。有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。四个选项中，仅C符合题意。19.【答案】D【解析】本题考察短语搭配及相似短语辨析。四个选项均可与连用，其中 accessible to 易接近的;可归属的;可得到的可归因的 amiable to 可亲，多指人和蔼可亲，易于接近agreeable to 欣然同意的;适合的，适宜的 accountable to 对负责此题的理解需承接整个句,首先此空所在后半句乃一方式状语，承接前半句说明法官怎样来解决有关法庭(裁决的)公正合理的质疑。将此四个选项分别代入，

15、可得出正确答案D，法官只有对对行为准则负责，也即是遵循一定的行为准则才可确保其裁决的公正与合理。20.【答案】D【解析】此题考察逻辑搭配。此句承接上句，旨在说明由此带来的结果，也即是文中所说的。使得裁决看起来完全不受政治的影响，如法律一般令人信服。结合四个选项意思，可知选D。Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on AN

16、SWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usuallyleads to no good drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join theClub,Tina Rosenberg contends that pee

17、r pressure can also be a positive force throughwhat she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the powerof group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of examples of the socialcure in

18、action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,anHIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safesex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptiv

19、e observer.Her critique ofthe lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understandingof psychology.“Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking a

20、mong teenagers teenagers,who desire nothingmore than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocatesought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is fille

21、d with too much irrelevant detail and not enough explorationof the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The mostglaring flaw of the social cure as its presented here is that it doesnt workvery well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evi

22、dence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits as well as negativeones spread through networks of friends via social communicati

23、on.This is asubtle form of peer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see everyday.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectour peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like theteacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the b

24、ack row by pairing them withbetter-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problemwith a social cure engineered from the outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as _.A a supple

25、ment to the social cure B a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to social progress D a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates should _.A recruit professional advertisers B learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisers D recognize the lim

26、itations ofadvertisements23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails to _.A adequately probe social and biological factors B effectively evade the flawsof the social cureC illustrate the functions of state funding D produce a long-lasting socialeffect24.Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behav

27、iors _.A is harmful to our networks of friends B will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing it Dcan produce negative health habits25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is_.A harmful B desirable C profound D questionableText 2A deal is a deal

28、except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,amajor energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont lastweek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by thestrict nuclear regulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long

29、 promised it would not:challenge the constitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court,as partof a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporation bought Vermonts only nuclear power pla

30、nt,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receivingstate approval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from stateregulators to operate past 2012.In 2006,the state went a step further,requiringthat any extension of the plants license be subject to Vermont legislaturesapproval.Then

31、,too,the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didnt foresee what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage,raised serious questio

32、ns about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management especially after the company made misleading statements about thepipe.Enraged by Entergys behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last yearagainst allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is inva

33、lid because ofthe 2006 legislation,and that only the federal government has regulatory power overnuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Courthas ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legalscholars say that Vermont case will offer

34、a precedent-setting test of how far thosepowers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulationsthat could result if every state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in

35、Vermont is already sodamaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state.But thereshould be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust.Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth.Pledging to run Pilgrim saf

36、ely,the company has applied for federalpermission to keep it open for another 20 years.But as the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviews the companys application,it should keep it mind whatpromises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase“reneging on”(Line 3.para.1)is closest in meaning to _.A condemn

37、ing B reaffirming C dishonoring D securing27.By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended to _.A obtain protection from Vermont regulators B seek favor from the federallegislatureC acquire an extension of its business license D get permission to purchase apower plant28.According to Paragraph

38、 4,Entergy seems to have problems with its _.A managerial practices B technical innovativeness C financial goals Dbusiness vision29.In the authors view,the Vermont case will test _.A Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises B the mature of statespatchwork regulationsC the federal authority over

39、 nuclear issues D the limits of states power overnuclear issues30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _.A Entergys business elsewhere might be affected B the authority of the NRCwill be defiedC Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application D Vermonts reputation mightbe damagedText 3In t

40、he idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waitingto be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific methodto carry out their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discoveryfrequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be

41、objective,butwe cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge andinterests influence what we experience,what we think our experiences mean,and thesubsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,andself-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims sho

42、uld be thought of as protoscience.Similar tonewly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collectivescrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.Thisis the credibility process,through which the individual researchers me,here,now becomes the comm

43、unitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is thegoal,not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific

44、community,researchers makediscoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess;other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(including other scientists)receives the new discovery and possiblyaccompanying technology.As a d

45、iscovery claim works its way through the community,the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about thescience and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim intothe communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility proce

46、ss.First,scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incompleteor incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what isalready known and believed.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly published discovery claims an

47、d credible discoveries that appear to beimportant and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modificationor refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokesdisbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyrgyi once describeddiscovery as“seeing wha

48、t everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missedmay not change their views.Sometimes years are required for truly novel discoveryclaims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens”to a disc

49、overy claim a process thatcorresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of themind.“We reason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoningand each others conceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized

50、byits _.A uncertainty and complexity B misconception and deceptivenessC logicality and objectivity D systematicness and regularity32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires _.A strict inspection B shared efforts C individual wisdom D persistentinnovation33.Paragraph 3 s