2011重庆考研英语二真题及答案.pdf

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1、20112011 重庆考研英语二真题及答案重庆考研英语二真题及答案SectionSection I IUseUse ofof EnglishEnglishDirectionsDirections：ReadRead thethe followingfollowing text.text.ChooseChoose thethe bestbest word(s)word(s)forfor eacheach numberednumbered blackblack andand markmarkA,A,B,B,C C oror D D onon ANSWERANSWER SHEETSHEET 1.1.(

2、10(10 points)points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users,a blessing to privacy and freedomof speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime thathas1across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world thatseems increasingly3?Last month,Ho

3、ward Schmidt,the nations cyber-czar,offered the federalgovernment a4to make the Web a safer place-a“voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key,a fingerprint and a photoID card,all rolled6one.The system might use a smart identity card,or adigital credential7to a s

4、pecific computer.and would authenticate users ata range of online services.The idea is to8a federation of private online identity systems.Usercould9which system to join,and only registered users whose identities havebeen authenticated could navigate those systems.The approach contrasts with onethat

5、would require an Internet drivers license10by thegovernment.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“singlesign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11just once but use manydifferent services.12.the approach would create a“walled garden”n cyberspace,with safe“neighbor

6、hoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense ofa13community.Mr.Schmidt described it as a“voluntary ecosystem”in which“individualsand organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting theidentities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which thetransaction runs”.S

7、till,the administrations plan has16privacy rights activists.Someapplaud the approach;others are concerned.It seems clear that such a scheme isan initiative push toward what would17be a compulsory Internet“driveslicense”mentality.The plan has also been greeted with18by some computer security experts,

8、who worry that the“voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr.Schmidt would stillleave much of the Internet19.They argue that all Internet users shouldbe20to register and identify themselves,in the same way that drivers mustbe licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.sweptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2.A.forB.wi

9、thinC.whileD.though3.A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4.A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5.A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainment D.equivalent6.A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7.A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8.A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9.A.recallB.suggestC.selectD.realize10.

10、A.releasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11.A.carry onB.linger onC.set inD.log in12.A.In vainB.In effectC.In returnD.In contrast13.A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14.A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15.A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16.A.dividedB.disappointedC.protectedD.united17.A.fre

11、quentlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18.A.skepticismB.relevanceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19.A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20.A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSectionSection IIIIReadingReading ComprehensionComprehensionPartPart A ADirections:Directions:ReadRead thethe f

12、ollowingfollowing fourfour texts.texts.AnswerAnswer thethe questionsquestions afterafter eacheach texttext byby choosingchoosingA,A,B,B,C C oror D.D.MarkMark youryour answersanswers onon ANSWERANSWER SHEETSHEET 1.1.(40points)(40points)TextText1 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside

13、 director in January2000:a year later she became president of Brown University.For the rest of thedecade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism.But bythe end of 2009 Ms.Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensationcommittee;how could she have let those e

14、normous bonus payouts pass unremarked?ByFebruary the next year Ms.Simmons had left the board.The position was just takingup too much time,she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful,yet less biased,adviserson a firms board.Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere,they

15、presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive s proposals.If the sky,and the share price is falling,outside directors should be able to giveadvice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than10,000 fi

16、rms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004.Thenthey simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next.The most likely reason for departing a board was age,so the researchers concentratedon those“surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70

17、.They fountthat after a surprise departure,the probability that the company will subsequentlyhave to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%.The likelihood of being named ina federal class-action lawsuit also increases,and the stock is likely to performworse.The effect tended to be larger for large

18、r firms.Although a correlationbetween them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive,itdoes not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship.Often they“trade up.”Leaving riskier,smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that o

19、utside directors have an easier time ofavoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks,even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoingoccurred.Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times mayhave to create inc

20、entives.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example ofMs.Simmons,once again very popular on campus.21.According to Paragraph 1,Ms.Simmons was criticized for.Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22.We learn from Pa

21、ragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed tobe.Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure,the firm is likely to.Abecome more stableBreport increased earning

22、sCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outsidedirectors.Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives f

23、rom the firm25.The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is.ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalTextText2 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper?A year ago the end seemed near.The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not alreadyfled to the inter

24、net.Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chroniclingtheir own doom.Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks abouthow to save newspapers.Should they become charitable corporations?Should the statesubsidize them?It will hold another meeting soon.But the discussions now s

25、eemout of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis.German and Brazilian papershave shrugged off the recession.Even American newspapers,which inhabit the mosttroubled come of the global industry,have not only survived but often returned toprofit.Not the 20%profit margins that were routin

26、e a few years ago,but profitall the same.It has not been much fun.Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalistsoverboard.The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobshave gone since 2007.Readers are paying more for slimmer products.Some papers evenhad the nerve to refuse

27、delivery to distant suburbs.Yet these desperate measureshave proved the right ones and,sadly for many journalists,they can be pushedfurther.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses,with a healthier mix ofrevenues from readers and advertisers.American papers have long been highly unusualin th

28、eir reliance on ads.Fully 87%of their revenues came from advertising in 2008,according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation&Development(OECD).InJapan the proportion is 35%.Not surprisingly,Japanese newspapers are much morestable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,but

29、 much of thedamage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive.Carand film reviewers have gone.So have science and general business reporters.Foreignbureaus have been savagely cut off.Newspapers are less complete as a result.Butcompleteness is no longer a virtue in the newsp

30、aper business.26.By saying“Newspapers like their own doom”(Lines 3-4,Para.1),the authorindicates that newspaper.Aneglected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probablybec

31、ause.Areaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer products28.Compared with their American counterparts,Japanese newspapers are much morestable because they.Ahave more sources of revenueBhave more

32、balanced newsroomsCare less dependent on advertisingDare less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaperbusiness?ADistinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.BCompleteness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.CForeign bureaus play

33、a crucial role in the newspaper business.DReaders have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30.The most appropriate title for this text would be.AAmerican Newspapers:Struggling for SurvivalBAmerican Newspapers:Gone with the WindCAmerican Newspapers:A Thriving BusinessDAmerican Newspapers:A Ho

34、peless StoryTextText3 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a timeof prosperity and growth,with soldiers returning home by the millions,going offto college on the G.I.Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses,it was a time of common

35、sense and a beliefthat less could truly be more.During the Depression and the war,Americans hadlearned to live with less,and that restraint,in combination with the postwarconfidence in the future,made small,efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend tow

36、ard efficient living.The phrase“less is more”was actually first popularized by a German,the architectLudwig Mies van der Rohe,who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,a schoolof design,emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools.These

37、 designers came toexert enormous influence on the course of American architecture,but none more sothat Mies.Miess signature phrase means that less decoration,properly organized,hasmore impact that a lot.Elegance,he believed,did not derive from abundance.Likeother modern architects,he employed metal,

38、glass and laminated wood-materials thatwe take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future.Miesssophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were smalland efficient,rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicagos

39、 Lake Shore Drive,for example,were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those intheir older neighbors along the citys Gold Coast.But they were popular becauseof their airy glass walls,the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildingsdetails and proportions,the architectural

40、 equivalent of the abstract art so popularat the time.The trend toward“less”was not entirely foreign.In the 1930s Frank LloydWright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 squarefeet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early20th centu

41、ry.The“Case Study Houses”commissioned from talented modern architects byCalifornia Arts&Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet anotherhomegrown influence on the“less is more”trend.Aesthetic effect came from thelandscape,new materials and forthright detailing.In his Case Study House,Ral

42、pheveryday life-few American families acquired helicopters,though most eventuallygot clothes dryers-but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable andinevitable was widely shared.31.The postwar American housing style largely reflected theAmericans.Aprosperity and growthBefficiency and pract

43、icalityCrestraint and confidenceDpride and faithfulness32.Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?AIt was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.BIts designing concept was affected by World War II.CMost American architects used to be associated with it.DIt had a great infl

44、uence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design.Awas related to large spaceBwas identified with emptinessCwas not reliant on abundant decorationDwas not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicagos Lake Shore Drive?AThey ig

45、nored details and proportions.BThey were built with materials popular at that time.CThey were more spacious than neighboring buildings.DThey shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the“Case Study House”?AMechanical devices were widely used.BNatural scenes

46、 were taken into considerationCDetails were sacrificed for the overall effect.DEco-friendly materials were employed.TextText4 4Will the European Union make it?The question would have sounded strange notlong ago.Now even the projects greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facinga“Bermuda triangle”

47、of debt,population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems,the EU faces an acute crisis in its economiccore,the 16 countries that use the single currency.Markets have lost faith thatthe euro zones economies,weaker or stronger,will one day converge thanks to thediscipline of sharin

48、g a single currency,which denies uncompetitive members thequick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europes single currency from disintegrationis stuck.It is stuck because the euro zones dominant powers,France and Germany,agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zo

49、ne,but disagree aboutwhat to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending andcompetitiveness,barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do notobey.These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EUmega-projects and even the

50、suspension of a countrys voting rights in EU ministerialcouncils.It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members ofthe EU club,among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism andeconomic rigors;in the inner core alone,Germany fears,a small majority favourFrench i