教师资格考试中学教育知识能力考点归纳_资格考试-教师资格考试.pdf

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1、教师资格考试中学教育知识能力考点归纳(3)（Teacher qualification test,secondary school education,knowledge,competence,test site induction(3)）The teacher qualification exam of middle school education knowledge have concluded(3)The development of education and the third section Education can cultivate the talent needs of

2、the community,the important point is to see whether it follows the law of development of human.Education and human development is the mutual restriction relations:on the one hand.Education plays a leading role in the individuals physical and mental development process;on the other hand,but also rest

3、ricts the education by law of individual physical and mental development,physical and mental development of individual state education is the basis of behavior.First,the individual physical and mental development(a)the concept of individual physical and mental development The individual physical and

4、 mental development refers to the whole life process as a whole in individual complex from the beginning of life to the end of life.The process of changing,especially refers to the physical and mental characteristics of individuals to change the active.Peoples physical and mental development include

5、s two aspects:One is the physiological development,also known as the physical development.The development of individual body enhancement including normal development and physical body two aspects.The normal development of an organism in various organs,including the healthy growth of various body sys

6、tems.It is the individual physique condition and main contents:the normal development of the physical enhancement and help the body.Two promote each other,mutual connection,in the actual activities become one.The two is psychological development.Refers to the development of human spirit,including th

7、e development of the two aspects of cognition and intention.Cognitive development refers to the development of perception,memory,thinking and other aspects of the intention development refers to the development of needs,interest,emotion and will etc.The physical development and psychological develop

8、ment are closely linked.Physical development is the material basis of psychological development,psychological development also affects the development of physiology.(two)special peoples physical and mental development 1.people are social people,is developing in a social environment In the social env

9、ironment,not only the existence of a different nature,and each individual with different degree of contact of various groups,but also the existence of human creation and creative tools.Individuals only participate in social practice.In order to survive and development,in order to play to their poten

10、tial,and into the development of reality.Has the function of 2.peoples physical and mental development People have the ability to understand and transform the outside world,it has made people beyond the animal world.People have to understand and transform their abilities.People with self consciousne

11、ss,to a certain stage of development of people.Has the ability to plan their own future and create conditions for future development.The initiative can play better,is an important factor in the development of a person can reach a higher level.(three)and the reason that the individuals physical and m

12、ental development 1.in theory In the internal needs of the general emphasis on peoples physical and mental development of power is mainly due to their physical and mental development.The order is determined by the mechanism of physical and mental maturity.Namely:human individual psychological develo

13、pment is completely natural factors inherent within the predetermined by the individual,psychological development is the essence of natural factors according to their intrinsic purpose or direction of the show.External conditions can only affect the inherent law of development,but can not change the

14、 rhythm.In view of the natural and mature theory,Preformationism,genetic determinism.This view-the positive significance lies in attaching importance to peoples internal needs and human inherent development mechanism.Weakness is the one-sided emphasis on the importance of internal factors for indivi

15、dual development,and ignore the external factors that influence people and individual subjective initiative.Mencius is representative of ancient China in theory,he thought that human nature is good,all things are in my heart,there is the nature of human compassion,shame,humility,is the four end,this

16、 is the root of benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdom four basic character of the people,as long as the good self-cultivation,seek,these qualities can be developed.Austria psychoanalytic school founder Freud believes that the sexual instinct is the most basic natural instinct,it is to promote t

17、he development of human potential,unconscious,the most fundamental reason.The contemporary American sociologist Wilson biological gene duplication as all the essence of power determines the people.And the American psychologist Gesell stressed the decisive role,mature mechanism for the development of

18、 people he believes that people decided by gene sequence.If you want to pass the external education training ability formed in front of the mature grab some schedule is inefficient or even futile.Gesell not only that the human body function development program is restricted by the growth rule,and al

19、l other abilities,including the growth rule by morality.2.external motivation theory Externalization theory and in the theory on the contrary,the essence of individual psychological development is the environmental impact of the results.The environmental impact determines the level and form of indiv

20、idual psychological development.This view is also called the psychological development of environmental determinism,shaping theory or experience theory etc.The basic view of externalization theory believes that human development mainly rely on external forces,stimulation and environmental requiremen

21、ts,such as the impact of others and school education.The focus of concern is the externalization of human learning.Learn what and how to learn effectively.Representative of Chinas ancient evil is Xunzi,he believes that the human factor itself is the need to reform.The British philosopher Rock white

22、board is the externalization of a typical representative.He thinks.The human mind is like a whiteboard,which itself has no content.Can anyone apply external forces determines the human development situation.Another representative of the United States is the externalization of behavioral psychologist

23、 at Wahson,he once said:give him a healthy baby,regardless of their ancestors,he can train them to be from the leader to the thief and other types of people.He thinks.Environment and education is the only condition of psychological development.Education is everything.Skinner Wahson inherited the env

24、ironmental determinism,that a persons behavior and personality can be complicated by the external reinforcement or punishment means to cultivate and change,control or correction.3.multi factor interaction theory According to dialectical materialism,human development is the internal factors(such as g

25、enetic quality,mature body mechanism)and external environment(external stimulus intensity and the level of social development and individual cultural background)interaction in the individual activities in the.Who is the main practice activity,active participation of the individual,the individual dev

26、elopment can not be achieved;subjective and objective conditions in similar circumstances,the extent of individual initiative,has a decisive significance for the development of people.(four)the general rules of individual physical and mental development The order of the 1.individual physical and men

27、tal development Individual physical and psychological development has a certain order in the whole and individual process and characteristics of physical and mental development also has a certain order.Children from birth to adulthood,their physical and mental development is from low to high and fro

28、m quantitative to qualitative changes in the continuous development process.For example,the physical development follows from top to bottom,from the middle to the limbs,muscles from bones to sequential development,psychological development is always a mechanical memory to memory,thinking from the co

29、ncrete to abstract thinking,from the general to the passions emotional sense,moral sense,aesthetic and other complex emotions.In the education of teenagers,must follow the concrete to abstract,from the shallower to the deeper.From simple to complex,from a lower level to a higher order.Gradually move

30、 forward,not push them,otherwise it can not receive the desired effect,and even damage their physical and mental.The 2.stage of individual physical and mental development Individuals showed general characteristics of different physical and mental development and the main contradiction in different s

31、tages of development.Faced with different tasks.This is the stage of physical and mental development.Adjacent stages are regularly replaced.During the same period.The development is mainly the number of changes,after a period of development,from quantitative to qualitative change,and development lev

32、el has reached a new stage.The age characteristics of physical and mental development of young people is the characteristics of formation in different age stages of development in general,typical and essential.Of course,between the different stages of development are interrelated,a stage affects the

33、 next stage of development direction choice,so the life of each stage for human development.Not only has this stage significance,but also has the meaning of the whole life.The imbalance of 3.individual physical and mental development The imbalance,refers to the continuous process of development.The

34、uniform motion and speed of the physical and mental development of children is not completely consistent with the time,in different ages,the development speed and level there is obvious difference.Generally,the newborn(born first year)and adolescent(13,14 L5,16 years old),is a two period of rapid de

35、velopment of physical and mental development of children.Imbalance also refers to the body in the process of childrens development and psychological development is not fully coordinated and unified phenomenon.The overall development of children,is the psychological maturity before physiological matu

36、rity.Teenagers on their physical development,has been very close to the adult level,and their psychological maturity,but much lower than adults.But in a specific aspect,there may be psychological ability is not controlled by physiological maturity conditions.For example.3 5 years old childrens langu

37、age ability and memory ability,are often better than the adult level.A period of development of the different phenomenon from different aspects of body and mind.More and more psychologists attention.Psychologists put forward the key development period or the best of the concept.The so-called critica

38、l period of development refers to the physical or psychological aspects of a function and ability are the most suitable formation period.During this period,on one aspect of individual training can get the best effect.The complementarity of the 4.individual physical and mental development The complem

39、entary relationship of individual physical and mental development of each part,it first refers to a body of the function of damaged or missing,can be compensated by other aspects of supernormal development.If the blind through hearing,touch,smell and other aspects of the extraordinary development of

40、 compensation.The parts of the body are complementary possible.In the absence of certain aspects of their own can still provide the conditions and environment coordination and continued survival and development.Complementarity exists between psychological and physiological function.The emotional sta

41、te of the power of the human spirit,the will,the body can play a regulatory role.To help people overcome the disease and deformity,make body and mind is still developing.On the contrary,if a persons psychological ability is poor,lack of self adjustment ability and strong will.So,even if not very ser

42、ious illness or suffering will knock him out.Individual differences in individual physical and mental development of 5.Individual differences exist in different levels.From the point of view,as the first manifestation of gender differences.It is not only the nature of the differences,including a gen

43、der brings the physiological function and social status,roles,communication between groups.Secondly,individual differences in all aspects of physical and psychological structure.There is some difference in the level of development,some differences in the psychological features of the way.That is,dif

44、ferences in the individual level of development is not only due to differences in innate qualities,the inherent function of the individual.Effect of effort it is affected by the environment and the development of the subject in the process of development and the level of self-consciousness and self

45、choice direction.The difference between individual characteristics of research in education.Education should be individualized,long lost good save.(five)education should adapt to the physical and mental development of young children 1.education should adapt to the order and the stages of individual

46、development Education must proceed from the actual students for students of different age.Put forward different tasks,take different education contents and methods.According to the actual situation of distinction.It must be pointed out that.In order to adapt to the education and stages of human deve

47、lopment.Does not mean that education should give students the existing level of development,or lower educational standards and requirements.Education must constantly put forward to accept but higher than its current level of requirements to the students,to promote their development.The former Soviet

48、 psychologist Viggo J Ki proposed the theory of zone of proximal development.And it is summarized in the practice of education to jump.Pick a peach experience,are worth learning.2.education should adapt to the unbalanced development of individuals The imbalance of individual development tells us.The

49、 key period of different quality of people has its development and the best period.Exert educational influence in the crucial period,can play a multiplier effect,missed the critical period of education,often shibeigongban.Therefore,education must adapt to the imbalance of human development.In the ke

50、y period of the development of the quality.To promote the development of education,the quality of the.3.education should adapt to the development of individual stability and variability The stability of the individual development of education must grasp the characteristics and rules of different age