英语写作专题讲座-句子_外语学习-英语写作.pdf

《英语写作专题讲座-句子_外语学习-英语写作.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语写作专题讲座-句子_外语学习-英语写作.pdf（8页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、高考复习 英语写作专题讲座（一）-句 子 语篇的单位不是单词，而是句子，句子是构成段落的基本单位，若干句子的组合，构成段落，若干段落的组合构成文章，因此，写出语法正确、意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础。英语句子分有简单句，并列句，复合句 第一讲 简单句 只包含一个主谓结构的句子，叫简单句。简单句按功能分四种：陈述句 感叹句 疑问句 祈使句 第一部分 英语六种基本句型 句子是文章的基本框架，在文章中起着桥梁的作用。任何文章都由句子组成，句子又由词组、基本句型构成。掌握好词组、基本句型，再配上合适的时态，一篇文章就基本完成。英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，

2、可以发现内在的联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大，组合，省略，或倒装。六种基本句型：基本句型 1：S V(主+谓)基本句型 2：S V P（主+谓+表）基本句型 3：S V O（主+谓+宾）基本句型 4：S V o O（主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语）基本句型 5：S V O C （主+谓+宾+宾补）基本句型 6：There be+主语+地点状语句型（存在句：表示“在某处有某人或某物”）一：基本句型 1：S V(主+谓)此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫不及物动词，后面可以跟副词，介词短语，状语从句等。S/主 语 V/谓 语

3、（不及物动词）The sun was shining.The moon rose.We all breathe,eat and drink.The pen writes smoothly.What he said does not matter.二：基本句型 2：S V P（主+谓+表）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫系动词。系动词除 be 以外，还有又实义动词转化而来的系动词 look,feel,seem,get,keep,last,sound,grow,become,turn

4、等。Be 本身没有什么意义，只起连系主语和表语的作用。其他系动词仍保持其部分词义。S/主语 V/系动词 P/表语 The dinner smells delicious.He fell in love.Everything looks different He is growing tall and strong The trouble is that they are short of money.His face turned red.三：基本句型 3：S V O（主+谓+宾+状语）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实意，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须有一个宾语，即动作

5、的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词是及物动词。S/主语 V/及物动词/谓语 O/宾语 She smiled her thanks.He has refused to help them.He enjoy reading.They ate what was left over.He admits that he was mistaken.四：基本句型 4：S V o O（主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语+状语）此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常这一间接承受者有一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承

6、受者前时，介词往往省略。如：He gave a book to me.=He gave me a book.S/主语 V/及物动词/谓语 o/间接宾语/人 O/直接宾语/物 She ordered herself a new dress.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.He showed me his pictures.I told him that the bus was late I showed him how to run the machine.五：基本句型 5：S V O C （主+谓+宾+宾补）此句型句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物

7、动词，但只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。S/主语 V/及物动词/谓语 O/宾语 C/宾补 They appointed him manager.they painted the door blue.This set him thinking.We saw him out.He asked me to come.I saw them getting on the bus.六：基本句型 6：There be+主语+地点状语句型（存在句：表示“在某处有某人或某物”there be 是谓语）There are some students in the

8、classroom.由以上英语基本句型可知，一个英语简单句，只能有一个主语和一个谓语。第二部分 句子扩展 以上介绍的六种基本句型都属于简单句（只包含一个主谓结构的句子）。但我们常见的英语句子并不都象基本句型那样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词，副词和数词），也可以是这种类型的短语（介词短语，不定式短语，分词短语）。下面以基本句型 5 为例。1)We found the hall full.(我们发现礼堂坐满了人。)2）We found the great full.(名词前加形容词)3)We foun

9、d the grea t hall full of students and teachers.（加补语）4)We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.（现在分词短语）5)We found the grea t hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by professor Wang from the People s Daily.（加过 去分词短语）6)W

10、e found the grea t hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by professor Wang from the People s Daily on current affairs in East Europe.（介词短语）我们发现大礼堂坐满了学生和老师，在听从人民日报社来的王教授作有关东欧局势的重要报告。因此，即要掌握英语的基本句型，同时，也要学会把这些基本句型演化或扩展成比较复杂的句子，句段落若干段落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句

11、子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词组基本句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句子的主谓（主干）不变。扩展句子的几种手段 1）在名词前加修饰语（形容词和数

12、词）：例如“Mr.Wang is a teacher.”可扩展为：Mr.Wang is one of the experienced English teacher.2)在名词后加修饰语：Mr.Wang is one of the experienced English teachers of our school.3)在动词前后加状语(副词,时间，地点。)：例如“He has been working at a university for twenty years.”可以通过加状语扩展为：He has been working continuously at our university

13、for twenty years.4)加各种短语（介词短语，不定式短语，分词短语）：One of my best friends,Mr.Wang is an experienced English teacher.Having taught English for more than twenty years,Mr.Wang is an experienced English teacher.5)加各种从句（构成复合句）：One of my best friends,Mr.Wang is an experienced English teacher who has been teaching

14、English in Huaqiao Middle School for more than twenty years.6)加并列分句（构成并列句）：He works at a university but his wife stays at home without a job.注意：长句扩展必须严密周到，切不可为了追求长句而胡乱把词，词组，从句拼凑在一起。一篇好的作文，必须长短句结合，各种语法结构（分词，从句），简单句，并列句与复合句共用，一般有三个复杂的长句就够。简洁明快，有力的短句，效果也非常好。例如：简洁有力的短句：Work hard and we will succeed.Sudd

15、enly an idea occurred to me.严密周到的长句：Experts said that in developing countries ongoing urbanization-large numbers of people moving from the countryside into cities-has made the problem worse.训练题 一，扩展句子 1A lecture will be held.2.We have carried out the“Green Hill,Clean Water,Blue Sky”project.3.CCTV wi

16、ll broadcast a new program.4.She was happy with the gift.5.China is developing country.6.Jsinghua University is a famous university.优秀作文欣赏（看如何长短句结合）题目：北京的车辆越来越多，公路越来越拥挤。请你简述汽车为人们的生活所带来的不良影响，并就如何控制车辆提一些建议。There are too many cars in Beijing.As a result of this,air pollution is caused by the waste gas

17、and there are traffic accidents almost every day,causing injury and deaths.Something must be done to solve the problem.First,more public transportation should be provided,so that much energy can be saved and there will be less traffic jams.Second,people should be encouraged to ride bikes,which is en

18、ergy-saving and good for the environment.Third,If gas is made more expensive,fewer people will think of owning cars.In addition,It is also a good idea to share a car or a taxi if two people are going in the same direction.Only in this way can the negative effects of cars be limited.(倒装句结尾，简洁有力)段落若干段

19、落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词组基本句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句分析

20、：第一段只有三个句子：第一句和第三句是简单句。第二句是两个简单句用 and并列，同时前面用了表示结果的过渡词组 as a result of this，后用分词短语causing injury and deaths 表示结果。第二段：层次清晰，First.SecondThird.In addition.同时，文中简单句，并 列句，复合句共同使用。优秀作文欣赏）Located in the north of North America,Canada is one of the seven industrial countries in the world.It covers a total ar

21、ea of 9,970,000 square kilometers with a population of about 29 million.There is a great variety of climate in Canada because it is too vast.Maple leaf has become the symbol of Canada since 1700.Today many Chinese people live in Vancouver,which is one of the most important cities of Canada.训练题二 写作 一

22、 基础写作 请根据以下资料说明，使用 5 个规范句子描述全部所给信息内容。要求：1。标题：What can we do for the Olympics of 2008?2.必须使用 5 个句子介绍全部所给内容。3将五个句子组织成连贯的短文。（必要时使用过渡词，词组）内容：（1）20XX 年奥运会是 21 世纪重大体育比赛之一，包括中国在内的每个国家都在为此做准备。（2）奥运会的作用。（）中国为举办奥运会，将要做些什么？（）你个人该做什么？二基础写作 请根据以下资料说明，使用 5 个规范句子描述全部所给信息内容。要求：1。标题：Something about Li Hua 2.必须使用 5 个

23、句子介绍全部所给内容。3将五个句子组织成连贯的短文。内容：姓名：李华 学校：育才中学 地址：中国广州育才路号 出生年月：年月日 身高：cm 头发：黑色 全家人口：人 父母职业：教师 爱好：集邮和硬币 掌握外语情况：英语 二基础写作 请根据以下资料说明，使用 5 个规范句子描述全部所给信息内容。要求：1。标题：Something about Li Hua 2.必须使用 5 个句子介绍全部所给内容。3将五个句子组织成连贯的短文。内容：假设你的一位外国朋友 Henry 来中国访问，想来学校看你。他将于某天到达你学校，而你那天碰巧有课，只好委托同学李浩代替你去飞机场接他，你给他留了张字条，告诉他你当天

24、上午的安排：当天早上 7：50-10：10 之间你的课在教学楼 2-305上，10：10-10：30 是课间操，10：30 以后的课在教学楼 1403 上。段落若干段落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词组基本句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处

25、有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句高考复习 英语写作专题讲座（二）-句 子 第一讲 简单句（2）上一讲讲到，从句子结构上来说，句子有简单句、并列句和复合句三种。简单句一般只包含一个主谓结构。但简单句有时候也有多个主语和一个谓语（主语+主语+谓语）；一个主语和多个谓语（主语+谓语+谓语），并列的主语或谓语中间用连词连接。常用的连词有：and,or,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,as well as,bothand,等等。例如：

26、Both my father and mother like singing.Not only his parents but also he is very nice to me.He as well as his children is happy.They sat down and talked about something.His mother did not scold him but comforted him instead.Please go and meet him at the station。简单句按功能分四种：陈述句 感叹句 疑问句 祈使句（省略）第二讲 并列句 并列

27、句是由并列连词连接的两个或多个简单句。它包含两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构，各个分句都是完整的简单句或复合句，由并列连词连接起来。并列连词是并列句的标志，去掉连词各个分句可以各自独立。并列连词各自表示有并列，转折，选择，推理，递进，转折等语意。一 表示表示增补关系的并列连词:and,bothand,not only but alsoas well,as well as，for one thingfor another;on one handon the other;besides，whats more,moreover,in addition,First(ly),in one place,s

28、econd(ly),then,next,finally,last 例如：There are all kinds of flowers in the park and they draw a lot of visitors Work hard，and youll pass the exam If you work hard，youll pass the exam 努力学习，你会通过考试的。（如果你努力学习，你会通过考试的。）特别提示：1 bothand 不能连接分句 2 not onlybut also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与 近的那个主语一致 3 Not only 引导的分句位于句首时，其

29、分句要倒装。Not only does he like reading stories,but also he can even write some.二 表示转折的连词 but,while,however,yet,still,on the contrary,although though,Instead,on the other hand,meanwhile,after all,段落若干段落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词组基本

30、句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句while 例如:He is old,but he is still strong.Tom was poor while his brother was very rich.He was ill however

31、/still/yet he went to school while 也可表示转折,但与 but 不同的是,主要强调上下文的一种对比关系.The child should work out the problem while his parents themselves couldnt.when 作为并列连词意为“这时”,位于第一分句后,此时不能用 while 或 as 代替.I was just about to lie down to rest when I saw a snake in the grass 三 表示选择的连词 例如:Take the chance,or/or else/o

32、therwise you will regret it.You may do it yourself，or you may ask someone else to do it 四 表示表因果关系:for,so,therefore,So,therefore,as a result,in this way,because of this,as a result of ,or else,otherwise,in that case，in brief，in a word，in conclusion，all in all，in summary 例如:It must have rained last ni

33、ght,for the ground is wet.He lost his job,so he was unhappy these days.有 些 副 词 如besides,moreover,therefore,however,nevertheless,consequently,furthermore等也可以起到并列连词的作用.例如:He hurt his leg,therefore he couldnt play in the game.表强调 In any case，anyhow,anyway无论如何,不管怎样 In fact，obviously，naturally，Fortunatel

34、y，undoubtedly，五：句式规范 一个句子能否正确地表情达意，除了正确运用词语之外，还跟句子构造是否符合语法规则，是否符合语言习惯和语言表达的需要有关。中国学生写英语句子时，往往按照汉语思维，写出很多不规范的英语句子。如：（1）老人想起了他的儿子，眼泪直流。（中文句子没有连词）The old man thought of his son,tears came down from his face.（错句）在英语中，主谓语齐全就是一个完整的句子，两个完整的句子之间必须有连词进行连接。(没有并列连词仅仅有逗号时通常要用分词短语或独立主格结构。)（1）改为：When the old man

35、thought of his son,tears came down from his face.or,or else,otherwise,eitheror,neithernor,notbut,whetheror.段落若干段落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词组基本句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及

36、扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句 训练题：一：以下句子是否正确？如果错误，怎么改正？（2）他 1986 年毕业于北京工学院，后来他被派到美国麻省理工学院深造，攻读化学。He graduated from Beijing Engineering College in 1986，he was sent to Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the USA to s

37、tudy chemistry.（3）足球队员作好准备，其他同学前往助战。The team members are required to get ready，others are required to watch and cheer for them.（4）我们的英语老师张老师相貌平常，灰白头发，戴着一副眼镜。Our English teacher Mrs.Zhang is an ordinary-looking，grey hair woman,wear a pair of glasses.(5)东海市是一座新建城市，有人口近 300 万，面积 2 万余平方公里，东部面向黄海。Dong Ha

38、i is a newly-built city，has a population of about three million，it covers an area of about 20 000 square kilometers，face the Yellow Sea in the east.二：用括号中的连词改写下面句子。1.My brother is going to the Olympic Games.I am going to the Olympic Games(bothand)3.She refused to answer an y questions.She did not as

39、k any questions.(not onlybuteither)4.My wife has too many hats.She has too many dresses.(not onlybutas well)6.This time he had 4,000 men with him.He had thirteen ships and seventeen aeroplanes.(not onlybutas well)7.A thief once broke into a house.He stole some money.The lady of the house caught him.

40、(andbut)8.He had not eaten anything for thirteen hours.He had not drunk anything for thirteen hours.(neithernor)9.Woollen goods cannot be eaten.As least they are soft.The man had had a few hours 段落若干段落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词

41、组基本句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句sleep.(butso)11.She had not been badly damaged.He radio had been put out of action.(although)12.The pi

42、le was as high as the ceiling.I could not get into my room.(since)13.Britain benefits enormously from a Channel Tunnel.Europe benefits enormously from a Channel Tunnel.(bothand)（自选题）14Dr Bethune and the other doctors were climbing the hills They could see the enemyThe enemy were entering the village

43、 The village was in the valley below （组合成一个结构复杂的长句，不能用定语从句）（自选题）15 Helen Keller was seven years old She became deaf and blind when she was only 19 months old Anne Sullivan was Helens teacher Helen was deaf and blind before Anne Sullivan came to her house （组合成一个结构复杂的长句，可以用定语从句）三：扩展句子（1）Dr Bethune arr

44、ived and examined the soldier 四：将下面句子按正确的顺序组合成段（必要时可加适当关联词语）。A person with good manners never laughs at people They are in trouble He is always kind to others He tries to help them 五：标点与大小写练习 in april 1912 a new ship set off from england to america on its first trip on the way the ship hit a big ice

45、berg and began to go down women and children were the first to leave the ship and get into the lifeboats suddenly a woman shouted and asked to join her children in one of the lifeboats but there was no more room there at that moment a young woman in the lifeboat stood up here she shouted take my pla

46、ce I m not married and I have no children she got out and then the thankful mother joined her children in the lifeboat but the young woman miss evans lost her life-miss evans is dead but people still remember her.段落若干段落的组合构成文章因此写出语法正确意思清楚的好句子是写好文章的基础英语句子分有简单句并列句复合句第一讲简单句只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句简单句按功能分四种陈述句感叹句疑问句祈使句第一部分英语掌握好词组基本句型再配上合适的时态一篇文章就基本完成英语句子有长有短有简有繁从现象看似乎千变万化难以捉摸但从实质看以发现内在的联系找出其共同规律英语句子的基本结构以归纳成六种基本句型及扩大组合省略或倒装基本句型主语地点状语句型存在句表示在某处有某人或某物一基本句型主谓此句型的句子有一个共同特点即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫不及物动词后面以跟副词介词短语状语从句等主语谓语不及物动词二基本句