新编跨文化交际英语教程 复习总结.docx

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1、Unit 11. The definition of INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION1.1 lnter- comes from the Latin word for betweenand dictionaries define communication as exchanging information.Inter-”来自拉丁语，意思是“在之间，字典把交流定义为交换信息。Intercultural Communication refers to the exchange of information between people from different cult

2、ures.跨文化交际 是指来自不同文化的人之间的信息交流。As the very phrase suggests, Intercultural Communication emphasizes cross-cultural competence rather than language 0nly.正如这句话所暗示的，跨文化交际强调的是跨文化能力，而不仅仅是语言。1.2 what makes IC a common phenomenon: new technology, innovative communication system,globalization of the economy, c

3、hanges in immigration patterns新技术、创新的通讯系统、经济全球化、移民模式的变化2. The definition of globalizationGlobalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through communication, transportation,and trade between nations.全球化是区域经济、社会和文化通过国家之间的交流、运 输和贸易而变得一体化的过程。It

4、 is a social, cultural, political, and legal phenomenon.它是一种社会、文化、政治和法律现象3. Blocks in IC Assumption of Similarities相似性假设Many people assume there are sufficient similarities among peoples of the world to make communication easy.They expect that simply being human and having common requirements of foo

5、d, shelter, security, and so on makes everyone alike.许多人认为世界上的民族之间有足够的相似之处使交流变得容易。他们期望，仅仅是作为人类，拥 有共同的食物、住所、安全等需求，就能让每个人都一样。Unfortunately, they overlook the fact that the forms of adaptation to these common needs and values,beliefs, and attitudes are vastly different from culture to culture.不幸的是，他们忽视

6、了一个事实，即不同文化对这些共同需求、 价值观、信仰和态度的适应形式是巨大不同的。The biological commonalities are not much help when it comes to communication, where we need to exchange ideas and information/ind ways to live and work together当我们需要交流思想和信息，找到共同生活和工作的方式时，生 物上的共性并没有多大帮助Language differences语言差异Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang

7、, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty.句法、成语、俚语、方言等都造成困难。 Word meaning: some people will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context.词义:有些人只会执着于新语言中一个词或短语的一个意思，而不考虑其内涵或上下文。 Nonverbal misinterpretations非语言的误解Learning the foreign language

8、 is actually only the beginning of learning a culture.学习外语实际上只是学习一种文化的 开始。The misinterpretation of nonverbal symbols - such as gestures, posturesis a communication barrier. But it is possible to learn the meanings of these observable messages.对非语言符号（如手势、姿势）的误解是一种沟通障碍。但是，了 解这些可观察信息的含义是可能的。What is mor

9、e difficult to understand are the less obvious unspoken codes of the cultures, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and the subtle signs of respect.更难以理解的是这些文化中不太明显的潜规则，比如对时间 和空间关系的处理，以及微妙的尊重符号。Preconceptions and stereotypes 4 偏见和亥U板印象A stereotype is a fixed general image or set of

10、 characteristics that people believe represent a particular type of person or thing ,刻板印象是人们认为代表某一特定类型的人或事物的固定的总体形象或一系列特征。例:日语:不可思议的（持续的，似乎不恰当的微笑） 阿拉伯人:易燃物（导致美国学生与中东聚集保持距离）。墨西哥:讨价还价（可能不公平地将M专业学生的犹豫或耍求解读为获得优惠待遇的举动。）e.g. Japanese: inscrutable,（constant and seemingly inappropriate smile）Arabs: fZinflam

11、mable（cause U.S.students to keep a distance from the Middle East gathers）.Mexico: bargain（may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an M student as a move to get preferential the status-oriented verbal mode.以人为本的言语模式是强调非正式性和角色中止的以个人为中心的言语模式。地位导向的言语风格是以角色为中 心，强调正式性和大权力距离的言语模式。前者强调了对称互动的重要性以

12、及在互动中尊重独特的个人身份的重要性，而后者强调了不对称互动，尊重规定的 基于权力的成员身份的重要性。那些从事地位导向的言语互动的人使用特定的词汇和副语言特征来强调角色关系的 地位距离（例如，在许多拉丁美洲文化的亲子互动、上下级关系和男女互动中）。低语境文化倾向于强调以人为本的语言风格的使用，高语境文化倾向于重视以地位为导向的语言模式。4. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about

13、one*s accomplishments and abilities. The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations, modest talk, and the use of self-deprecation concerning ones effort or performance.For example, in many Asian cultures,self-effa

14、cement talk is expected to signal modesty or humility. In Japan, when one offers something to another person such as a gift or a meal that one has prepared, verbal self-deprecation is expected. There are set expressions for verbal humility such as Its not very tasty and Its nothing special. The host

15、ess who apologizes to her guests that There is nothing special to offer you has probably sent the better part of two days planning and preparing the meal. Of course the guest should protest such a disclaimer and reemphasize her or his gratitude.Self-effacement is a necessary part of Japanese politen

16、ess rituals.In the U.S. culture, individuals are encouraged to sell and boast about themselves, for example, in performance review or job interview sessions,or else no one would notice their accomplishments.However,the notion of merchandizing oneself does not set well with the Japanese.treatment.Ste

17、reotypes are over-generalized,secondhand beliefs from which we make sense out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances,刻板印象是一种过于一般化的、二手的信念，我们通过它 来理解周围发生的事情，不管它们是否准确或符合环境。In a foreign land their use increases our feeling of security.在异国他乡,使用它们会增加我们的安全感。But

18、stereotypes are blocks for communicators because they interfere with objective viewing of other people.但亥U板印 象对沟通者来说是障碍，因为它们妨碍了人们客观地看待他人。Stereotypes are not easy to overcome because they are firmly established as myths by ones own culture and prejudices. 刻板印象是不容易克服的，因为它们被一个人自己的文化和偏见牢固地确立为神话.Tendency

19、 to evaluate评价的倾向The fifth block to understanding between persons of differing cultures is the tendency to evaluate, to approve or disapprove, the statements and actions of the other person.不同文化背景的人之间相互理解的第五大障碍是人们倾 向于评价、赞同或不赞同他人的言论和行为。Rather than try to comprehend thoughts and feelings of the other,

20、 we assume our own culture or way of life is the most natural. This bias prevents the open-mindedness needed to examine attitudes and behaviors from the others point of view.我们认为自己的文化或生活方式是最自然的，而不是试图去理解别人的思想和感情。这种偏见阻碍了从他人 的角度来审视态度和行为所需要的开放心态。The miscommunication caused by immediate evaluation is dee

21、pened when feelings and emotions are involved.当感情 和情绪牵涉其中时 由即时评价引起的误解就会加深。High anxiety高焦虑High anxiety or tension, also known as stresses common in Cross-cultural experiences due to the number of uncertainties present.高度焦虑或紧张，也被称为压力，是常见的跨文化经验，因为存在的不确定性。Moderate tension and positive attitudes prepare

22、one to meet challenges with energy-Too much anxiety or tension,which often comes in the form of defenses, withdrawal,or hostility, requires some form of relief.适度的紧张和 积极的态度使一个人准备以能量迎接挑战。太多的焦虑或紧张，通常以防御、退缩或敌意的形式出现，需要某种 形式的缓解。Anxious feelings usually permeate both parties in an intercultural dialogue.

23、The host cannot maintain the normal flow of interaction; silences are too long or too short; and some other norms may be violated,在跨文化对话中，焦虑T青绪通常 渗透到双方。主持人不能维持正常的互动流程;沉默过长或过短;还有一些其他的规范可能会被违反。4. How to overcome the six blocks-study other languages-more attention to situational details-investigative a

24、pproach rather than stereotypes-expose ourselves to differences-learn to lower tension level-anxiety management研究其他语言、多注意情境细节、研究方法而不是刻板印象、让我们接触不同、学会降低紧张水平、焦虑管理5. Case study 1 p23Unit 21. the definition of culture1.1 Various Definitions of Culture 文化这个词有许多含义。The word culture has numerous meanings. It

25、 is said that there are more than 150 definitions about culture.据说关于文化 有150多种定义Culture was treated earlier as a complex whole of our social traditions and as a prerequisition for us to be a member of the society.文化在早期被视为我们社会传统的一个复杂的整体，是我们成为社会一员的先决条件。Culture can be a set of fundamental ideas,practice

26、s, and experiences of a group of people,which are transmitted from generation to generation through a learning process.文化可以是一群人的基本思想、实践和经验的集合，通过学习的 过程代代相传。Culture may as well refers to beliefs, norms,and attitudes that are used to guide our behaviorsand solve human problem. 文化也可能是指用来指导我们的行为和解决人类问题的信

27、念、规范和态度。1.2 Culture as a Way to Satisfy Human Needs 文化是满足人类需求的一种方式/hlf-actualizationMaslows Hierarchy of Needs is a theory in psychology,proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1948/ Self-esteempaper A Theory of Human Motivation.马斯洛需求层次理论是亚伯拉罕马斯洛在1948年的论文/ Belonging人类动机理论中提出的一种心理学理论。1.3 cultural as an ice

28、berg how do u understand ?/ Surviv1/10 is above the waterovert/surface culture can be seen9/10 is below the waterdeep culture out of awarenessAbove water:what to eat and how to eathow to keep healthy how to raise children how to participate in ceremonies how to introduce and greet people Below water

29、:what is good or bad what is right or wrong what is beautiful and ugly what is clean or dirty how is an individual related to others2. Culture的特性1.4 Characteristics of CultureCulture is holistic.文化是整体的。This characteristic underscores the complex nature of culture.As a holistic system, an education s

30、ystem, a religious system, an association system, a political system, and so on, the various aspects of culture are closely interrelated.Any change in a subsystem will affect the whole system.这一特点突出了文化的复杂性。作为一个整体系统，一个教育系统，一个宗教 系统，一个社团系统，一个政治系统，等等，文化的各个方面是密切相关的。一个子系统的任何变化都会影响整个 系统。E.G., the American

31、Civil Rights Movement altered American attitude,values, and behaviors.美国民权运动改变了美国人的态度、价值观和行为。(2)Culture is acquired.后天形成We begin to consciously and unconsciously learn our culture in our early life through the process of socialization or enculturation.Interaction with family members and friends is t

32、he most common way for us to learn our culture. Other sources for learning our culture are schools, churches,media, folk tales, and art.我们开始有意识和无意识地学习我们的文化在我们的早期生活通过社会化或文化的过程。与家人和朋友的互动是我们学习文化最常见的方式。学习我们的 文化的其他来源是学校、教堂、媒体、民间故事和艺术。(3) Culture is changing.Cultures are constantly changing over time. Som

33、e cultures are more open and accepting change, others tend to resist it.Cultures change in the process of transmission from generation to generation, group to group,and place to place.e.g. Chinas Opium War brought great social and cultural changes.文化是随着时间不断变化的。有些文化更开放,更能 接受改变，有些则倾向于抵制改变。文化在代代相传、群体传承

34、、地域传承的过程中不断变化。如，鸦片战争给中国带来了巨大的社会和文化变化。(4) Culture is pervasive.文化无处不在。Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, we talk,and we behave.Culture combines visible and invisible things around us. Culture is the sum total of human society and

35、 its meanings.就像我们呼吸的空气一样，文化渗透到我们生活的方方面面，影响着我们的思维方式、说话方式和行为方式。文化 结合了我们周围有形和无形的事物。文化是人类社会及其意义的总和。3. Fill in taskNonverbal language movement multiply revealing tone limit distinction further remark contact gestureHow do we communicate? The first answer that is likely to come to most peoples minds is t

36、hrough(l): we speak, we listen, we read, we write. When we think (2).we become increasingly aware that we also communicate in (3)ways, through gestures and body (4).The signals given by our body language are often more(5)than the words we use. Most of us will have had the experience of someone sayin

37、g something to us-making a flattering (6), for instance that we felt was insincere. Why did we feel that?Maybe it was the (7)in which it was said, or something in the persons movement or eye (8)with us.When we turn to communication processes across cultures, the complexities and complications (9). l

38、anguage is again the most obvious example. If you speak only English and the person you try to talk to speak only Japanese, communication will be(10)though you will, if you both really try, be able to understand each other to someextent by means of (11). Even with speakers of the same language, prob

39、lems may be the result of intracultural differences, that is, (12)between subgroups with a culture.4. Definition of communication5. Component of communication2.2 Components of Communication Context:背景： Physical setting ： locations、 the seating arrangements lighting、 the time of day、 the distance bet

40、ween communicators 物理设置:位置、座位安排、照明、时间、通信器之间的距离 Historical context： previous communication events 历史语境:之前的沟通事件 Psychological context： the manner of perceiving themselves and others 心理T青境:感矢口 自 己和他人的方式 Cultural context： communication norms 文化语境:沟通规范 Participants 2 参与者: Roles of senders and receivers：1

41、. senders form messages- encoding2. receivers process the messages and react to them一decoding发送方和接收者的角色：L发件人形成消息一一编码2 .接收者处理消息并对其作出反应一一解码 Variables affecting participants1. relationships: familiar or unfamiliar2. gender: males or females3. culture: from the same culture or from different cultures变量影

42、响参与者1 .关系:熟悉或不熟悉2 .性别:男性或女性3 .文化:来自同一文化或来自不同文化 Messages: Meanings1. the meanings may not be transferred successfully Symbols1. words chosen2. facial expressions, gesture3. stone of voice Encoding and Decoding1. message encoded may not be decoded as intended2. culture and nonverbal factorsChannels1.

43、sound, sight, smell, taste, touch2. the more channels used, the more successful the communication Noise: External noise1. stimuli in the surrounding that distract attention Internal noise1. interfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicator Semantic noisee.g.inappropriate choice of words Feedba

44、ck:Verbal responseNonverbal response6. Case 1 p61 用 5 分析(why the communication failed?)Unit 3 culture and a values1 . Common human problems人类的基本5个问题The Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck*s five basic questions(1) What is the character of innate human nature?=Human nature orientation(2) What is the relation o

45、f man to Nature?=Man-nature orientation(3) What is the time sense of human life?=Time orientation(4) What is the mode of human activity?=Activity orientation(5) What is the mode of human relationships?=Social orientation2 . Basic valuesThe range of alternative solutions to a cultures problems is lim

46、ited. Cultures must select their solutions from a range of alternatives-Human Basic Values.*Human Nature Basically EvilMixture of Good and EvilBasically Good Relation of Man to Nature Man subjugated by NatureMan in Harmony with NatureMan being the Master ofNatureSense of Time PastPresentFutureActivi

47、ty Being(who you are)Growingfself development)Doing(what you do)Social Relationship AuthoritarianGroup-OrientedIndividualistic3 .民族文化的划分【名词解释】4 .3 Hofstedes Dimensions of National Cultures(l)Power distance index (PDI):zzPower distance is the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations

48、 and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power is distributed unequally/Cultures that endorse low power distance:expect and accept power relations that are more democratic. People relate to one another more as equals regardless of formal positions.Subordinates are more comfortable with those in power and may critique the decisions made by them.、In high power distance countries, les