2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案68.docx

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1、2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案一、Cloze1、The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2022. It is the first worldwide epidemic 1 by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert 2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assemb

2、led after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising3 in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is 4 “ in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization，s director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in

3、 the 6 of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global 7 in late April 2022, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to 9 in New York City, the southwestern U

4、nited States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmerA. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2022 to 2022B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were a

5、waiting better chances to come.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are.A. auction houses favoritesB.contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD.styXes representing ImpressionistsThe most appropriate title for this text could be.A. Fluctuation of Art pricesB. Up-to-date Art

6、AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in Arts6 I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room-a womenJ s group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his w

7、ife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening,I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don，t talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, Shes the talker in our family. The room burst into laughter; the man

8、looked puzzled and hurt. Its true, he explained. When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didnt keep the conversation going, wed spend the whole evening in silence. This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to taXk more than women in public situations, they

9、often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed-but only a few of the men-gave

10、lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year-a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused n

11、ot on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his,or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: He doesnt listen to me. He doesn，t talk to me.

12、 I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at

13、 the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.What is most wives main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D.Sharing housework.7、Judging from the context the phrase

14、wreaking havoc” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means.A. generating motivationB.exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressureAll of the following are true EXCEPT.A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women a

15、ttach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouseWhich of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Hu

16、sband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on.A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stere

17、otypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the USD. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker11 Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors-habits-among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn bil

18、lions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we cant figure out how to change

19、peoples habit,“ said Dr. Curtis, the director the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine. We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically. The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to-Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever-ha

20、d invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers， lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you，11 find that many of the products we use every day-chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water puri

21、fiers, health snacks, teethwhiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a ca

22、vity- preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands. A few decades ago, many people didn，t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day lon

23、g. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.0ur products succeed when

24、 they become part of daily or weekly patterns”, said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habit is a huge part of improving our consumers， lives, and it，s ess

25、ential to making new products commercially viable. Through experiments and observation, social scientists likeDr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted wh

26、en the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap.A.should be further cultivatedB.should be changed graduallyC. are deeply rooted in historyD. arc basically private concernBottled water, chewing gum and ski

27、n moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to.A. reveal their impact on people，s habitsB. show the urgent need of daily necessitiesC. indicate their effect on people* s buying powerD. manifest the significant role of good habitsWhich of the following does NOT belong to products that help crea

28、te people，s habits?A. TideB. CrestC. ColgateD. UnileverFrom the text we know that some of consumers， habits are developed due to.A. perfected art of productsB. automatic behavior, creationC. commercial promotionsD. scientific experimentsThe authors attitude toward the influence of advertisement on p

29、eoples habits is.A. indifferentB. negativeC. positiveD. biased16 Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that

30、jurors should be selected randomly from a representativecross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin ; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the c

31、onscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving exeimple of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recen

32、tly as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial disc

33、rimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system al so failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th

34、 century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even thenseveral states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury lis

35、t. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolishe

36、d special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to

37、the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in july selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that.A. both literate and illiterate people can sever

38、on juries B. defendants are immune from trial by their peers C. no age limit should be imposed for jury serviceD. judgment should consider the opinion of the public weather arrived. But in late September 2022, officials reportedthere was 11 flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all t

39、he 12 tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U. S. , it has 13 more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began 15 orders f

40、rom the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is 16 ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2022, though most of those 17 dose were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not 1

41、8 for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 . But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people 20 infants and healthy young people.(1)A.criticizedB. appointedC.commentedD.designatedTh

42、e practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed.A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination lawsB. the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC. the conflicting ideals in jury selection proceduresD. the arrogance common among the supreme Court judges 18、Even in the 1960s, wome

43、n were seldom on the jury list in some states because.A. they were automatically banned by state lawsB. they fell far short of the required qualificationsC. they were supposed to perform, domestic dutiesD. they tended to evade public engagementAfter the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed .A.

44、sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolishedB . educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurorsC. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire communityD. states ought to conform, to the federal court in reformi

45、ngthe jury systemIn discussing the U. S. jury system, the text centers on.A. its nature and problemsB. its characteristics and traditionC. its problems and their solutionsD. its tradition and development19、 Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumped the efficiency of the

46、ir newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it wou

47、ld not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expand less energy. The air flowing over a bird，s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in

48、 the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and theUniversity of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so a