2022年考研外语考试真题及答案45.docx

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1、2022年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Part I: Vocabulary (20 minutes, 10 points, 0. 5 point each)1 、 Psychological studies show that some people are quick-tempered.A. at heartB.on purposeC. in personD.by nature2、 If a person talks about his weak points, his listener is expected to say something in the way of .A. assure

2、sB.encouragementC.persuasionD.confirmation3、 He washigh school and college instructors tryingto teach him how to think to use the scientific method rather than teaching him the structure of the subject.A.put up withB.given way toC. fallen back on9、A. dealB. numberC. mountD. amount10、A.combinationsB.

3、connectionsC.co-ordinationsD.collections四、Part III Reading Comprehensionin this part there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers. Choose the one you think is the best answer and mark your choice on the Answer Sheet.1、 The need for solar el

4、ectricity is clear. It is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and it has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress had been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices.

5、 The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence, including that of thetechnique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon is the active element in the very success

6、ful semiconductor industry, and virtually all of the solid state devices contain silicon transistors and diodes. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells. Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost i

7、s not an issue. While single-crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scare materials such as gallium arsenide can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them pract

8、ical for commercial use. Besides the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high-quality

9、single crystals; but to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introductionof disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells.This d

10、ilemma can be avoided by preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials: that is, they have only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar

11、cells are impressive. Whereas crystals can be grown as wafers about four inches in diameter, amorphous materials can be grown over large areas in a single process. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, on

12、ly 1 micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of $100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 per square foot. Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt t

13、hat they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the materials in the dark which is relevant,b

14、ut only the photoconductivity, that is, the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies. Wha

15、ts the major obstacle to the wide use of solar electricity?A. Solar photovoltaic devices are too expensive.B.Little research has been done to study solar cells.C. Solar electricity is neither safe nor efficient.D. The leading manufacturers only produce crystalline silicon for extraterrestrial use.2、

16、 According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of crystalline silicon?A.It can be found in nearly all solid state devices in the form of transistors and diodes.B. It is successfully used in the space program with high efficiency.C. It is unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells as it is

17、limited to military use.D. Its use is not economical with a high percentage wasted.3、 The authors attitude toward attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon can best be described asA. enthusiasmB. optimismC. doubtD.Disapproval4、 In Para. 3, the author focuses primarily on.A.presenting two t

18、ypes of materials for solar cellsB.discussing the advantages of amorphous materials over crystalline siliconC. pointing out the feasibility of using amorphous materials in extraterrestrial programsD. outlining the specific reasons why a problem in solar cells has not yet been solved5、 Which of the f

19、ollowing was true of many scientists?A. They felt amorphous materials were too costly.B.They were doubtful whether they could develop amorphous solar cells with higher efficiencies.C. They realized that it was the conductivity in the presence of sunlight that was relevant to efficiency.D.They were o

20、ptimistic about the future use of amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.五、Passage Two1、My hands are sweating, my face is breaking out, my heartis pounding, my temper is short. Am I having a heart attack? Am I having a nervous breakdown? No! Final exams are coming up and I am experiencing test

21、 anxiety. Is test anxiety destructive? Can we make test anxiety work for us? The answer to both of these questions is yes. Test anxiety often interferes with student performance but this same test anxiety, if channeled correctly, can help improve performance. The good side of test anxiety is that it

22、 causes us to attend to the problem. It motivates us to want to study and prepare for the exam. Without this catalyst we might never be concerned about preparing for a test. Thus, a little anxiousness shouldnt worry you. Those of us who speak publicly know that a few butterflies in the stomach just

23、prior to a speech means that we will probably do a good job, that we will focus on our speech and block out extraneous material. However, when stress interferes with your ability to concentrate, then it has reached the destructive state. In order to lessen the destructive elements of test anxiety, t

24、he approach should be to develop improved confidence and knowledge. These two factors go hand in hand. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability to succeed will increase. As your confidence increases, youranxiety will go down, allowing your knowledge to come

25、 through more efficiently. The way you prepare for a test can reduce anxiety during the test.Which of the following is NOT a symptom of test anxiety?A. Hands are sweating.B. Face is breaking out.C.Heart is pounding.D. Heart attack.2、According to the passage, test anxiety can benefit us in all of the

26、 following ways except that it.A. motivates us to make good preparation for the testB.helps us to concentrateC.can ensure us a good score in the testD.can help improve performance if channeled correctly3、Which of the following statement is TRUE about the relationship between test anxiety and confide

27、nce and knowledge?A. As your knowledge of the course material increases, your confidence in your ability to succeed will increase.B. As your confidence increases, your anxiety will go down.C. As your anxiety increases, your knowledge will increase more efficiently.D. Both A) and B)4、What might be di

28、scussed in the following part of the article?A. Some specific recommendations for reducing test anxietyB. The negative effects of anxiety on students who take testsC.only poor students have the problem of test anxietyD. only if you are hard-working, you will not have the problem of test anxiety5、 Wh

29、at is the best title for the passage?A. How to prepare tests?B. Knowledge and preparation for testsC.Test Anxiety: Friend or Foe?D.Is test anxiety destructive?六、Passage Three1 、 Like her white friends Eleanor Roosevelt and Aubrey Williams, Mary Bethune believed in the fundamental commitment of the N

30、ew Deal to assist the black Americans struggle and in the need for blacks to assume responsibilities to help win that struggle. Unlike those of her white liberal associates, however, Bethunes ideas had evolved out of a long experience as a race leader. Founder of a small black college in Florida, sh

31、e had become widely known by 1935 as an organizer of black womens groups and as a civil and political rights activist. Deeply religious, certain of her own capabilities, she held arelatively uncluttered view of what she felt were the New Deals and her own peoples obligations to the cause of racial j

32、ustice. Unafraid to speak her mind to powerful whites, including the President, or to differing black factions, she combined faith in the ultimate willingness of whites to discard their prejudice and bigotry with a strong sense of racial pride and commitment to Negro self-help. More than her liberal

33、 white friends, Bethune argued for a strong and direct black voice in initiating and shaping government policy. She pursued this in her conversations with President Roosevelt, in numerous memoranda to Aubrey Williams, and in her administrative work as head of the National Youth Administrations Offic

34、e of Negro Affairs. With the assistance of Williams, she was successful in having blacks selected to NY A posts at the national, state, and local levels. But she also wanted a black presence throughout the federal government. At the beginning of the war she joined other black leaders in demanding ap

35、pointments to the Selective Service Board and to the Department of the Army; and she was instrumental in 1941 in securing Earl Dickersons membership on the Fair Employment Practices Committee. By 1944, she was still making appeals for black representation all public programs, federal, state, and loc

36、al, and inpolicy-making posts as well as rank and file jobs. Though recognizing the weakness in the Roosevelt administrations response to Negro needs, Mary Bethune remained in essence a black partisan champion of the New Deal during the 1930s and 1940s. Her strong advocacy of administration policies

37、 and programs was predicated on a number of factors: her assessment of the low status of black Americans during the Depression; her faith in the willingness of some liberal whites to work for the inclusion of blacks in the governments reform, and recovery measures; her conviction that only massive f

38、ederal aid could elevate the Negro economically; and her belief that the thirties and forties were producing a more self-aware and self-assured black population. Like a number of her white friends in government, Bethune assumed that the preservation of democracy and black peoples full integration in

39、to the benefits and the responsibilities of American life were inextricably tied together. She was convinced that, with the help of a friendly government, a militant, aggressive New Negro would emerge out of the devastation of depression and war, a New Negro who would save America from itself, who w

40、ould lead America toward the full realization of its democratic ideas. What was the common belief held by Mary Bethune and her whiteD.fed up with4、The film was Cezanne, a 50-minuteon the painterand his work.A. mediationB. medicationC. meditationD. metrication5、 You can t workfor six hours without a

41、singlebreak - its impossible!A.continuouslyB.continuallyC.frequentlyD. often6、 The humour of the play was toofor the youngaudience and they rarely laughed.A.detailedB. feebleC. subtleD. slender7、 It is well known that a child does not reach emotional securitya good many years after physical maturity

42、.A. forfriends?A. For blacks who wanted to achieve equality there was a long way to go.B. It was the responsibility of both government and blacks to fight for racial justice.C. Racial prejudice was too deep-rooted to overcome.D.It was the cause of blacks to struggle for equal rights.2、 Which of the

43、following was true of Mary Bethune?A. She graduated from a small black college in Florida.B. She founded a black womens group in 1935.C. She was active in civil and political rights movement.D. She was unwilling to express her views directly to powerful whites.3、Bethune talked to President Roosevelt

44、 and wrote countless letters to Aubrey William in order to.A. have blacks selected to important government postsB.let them hear direct black voiceC. be appointed to the Department of the ArmyD. appeal to them to support her campaign4、 The word instrumental” (Line 8, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to

45、 .A. insistentB. inspirationalC. importantD. intelligent5、What was Mary Bethunes response when she realized the Roosevelt administration didnt take strong actions to improve the Blacks conditions?A.She lost hope in the New Deal and began to attack it.B. She continued to support the New Deal so as to

46、 win its help in return.C. She looked forward to a more friendly white government.D. She believed only a militant, aggressive black government could save blacks.七、Passage Four1、 The exclusive emphasis on economics is yielding to an appreciation of politics. After all, before free market can thrive y

47、ou need political stability. Technology is still seen as a powerful tool, but one that can have harmful as well as beneficial consequences (as Osama bin Laden has brutally shown). Most important, the global trading system is becoming more democratic, with countries like India, China and Brazil deman

48、ding a voice in the shape of trade negotiations. This too could be for the best. If a few concessions and delays mean thatthe free-trade system will have greater legitimacy in the developing world, it is a price well worth paying. Even September 11 could be even more beneficial. In the past four mon

49、ths the world has seen what American political leadership and power can do when it is ambitious, energetic and internationally minded. It is time for American economic leadership to be similarly active and visionary. Treasury Secretary Paul ONeills speech at the forum was an interesting beginning. ONeill ta