2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案40.docx

《2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案40.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案40.docx（23页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2022年考研专业综合考试真题及答案 Cloze1、The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2022. It is the first worldwide epidemic 1 by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert 2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembl

2、ed after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising3 in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is 4 in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization s director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in th

3、e 6 of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global 7 in late April 2022, when Mexican authorities noted an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to9 in New York City, the southwestern Unite

4、d States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmerA. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2022 to 2022B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The art market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were await

5、ing better chances to come.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are.A. auction houses favoritesB.contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD.styXes representing ImpressionistsThe most appropriate title for this text could be.A. Fluctuation of Art pricesB. Up-to-date Art Auct

6、ionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in Arts6、I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room-a womens group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sa

7、t silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening,A目10I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands dont talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, She s the talker in our family. The room burst into laughter; the man lo

8、oked puzzled and hurt. Its true, he explained. When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didnt keep the conversation going, wed spend the whole evening in silence. This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to taXk more than women in public situations, they of

9、ten talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed-but only a few of the men-gave la

10、ck of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent, that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year-a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research, complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not

11、 on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his,or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking and social arrangements. Instead, they focused on communication: He doesnt listen to me. He doesnt talk to me. I

12、found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be, first and foremost, conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short, the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at th

13、e breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.What is most wives main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B.Trusting them.C.Supporting their careers.D.Sharing housework.7 、Judging from the context the phrase /zwr

14、eaking havoc” (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means.A.generating motivation8 .exerting influenceC.causing damageD.creating pressureAll of the following are true EXCEPT.A. men tend to talk more in public than womenB. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attac

15、h much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouseWhich of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists.B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husban

16、d and wife have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on.A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotyp

17、ical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the USD. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker11、Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors-habits-among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billion

18、s of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can t figure out how to change peo

19、ples habit,“ said Dr. Curtis, the director the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene Tropical Medicine. We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically. The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to-Procter Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever-had i

20、nvested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you 11 find that many of the products we use every day-chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifier

21、s, health snacks, teethwhiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity

22、- preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn，t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Ch

23、ewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.0ur products succeed when they

24、 become part of daily or weekly patterns”, said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habit is a huge part of improving our consumers lives, and its essential

25、to making new products commercially viable. Through experiments and observation, social scientists likeDr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the

26、tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap.A.should be further cultivatedB. should be changed graduallyC. are deeply rooted in historyD. arc basically private concernBottled water, chewing gum and skin mois

27、turizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to.A. reveal their impact on people5 s habitsB. show the urgent need of daily necessitiesC. indicate their effect on peoples buying powerD. manifest the significant role of good habitsWhich of the following does NOT belong to products that help create peop

28、les habits?A. TideB. CrestC. ColgateD. UnileverFrom the text we know that some of consumers habits are developed due to.A. perfected art of productsB. automatic behavior, creationC. commercial promotionsD. scientific experimentsThe authors attitude toward the influence of advertisement on peoples ha

29、bits is.A. indifferentB. negativeC. positiveD. biased16、Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors sh

30、ould be selected randomly from a representativecross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin ; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience

31、 of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in

32、1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination

33、 in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. A

34、lthough women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even thenseveral states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This pra

35、ctice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special e

36、ducational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state l

37、evel. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in July selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that.A. both literate and illiterate people can sever on juries B

38、.defendants are immune from trial by their peers C. no age limit should be imposed for jury serviceD. judgment should consider the opinion of the publicweather arrived. But in late September 2022, officials reported there was 11 flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the 12 tested

39、 are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U. S. , it has 13 more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began 15 orders from the stat

40、es for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is 16 ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2022, though most of those 17 dose were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not 18 for pregna

41、nt women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 . But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people 20 infants and healthy young people.A. criticizedB. appointedC. commentedD. designatedThe practice o

42、f selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed.A. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination lawsB. the prevalent discrimination against certain racesC. the conflicting ideals in jury selection proceduresD. the arrogance common among the supreme Court judgesEven in the 1960s, women were seldom on

43、 the jury list in some states because.A. they were automatically banned by state lawsB. they fell far short of the required qualificationsC. they were supposed to perform, domestic dutiesD. they tended to evade public engagementAfter the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.A. sex discriminatio

44、n in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolishedB educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurorsC. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire communityD. states ought to conform, to the federal court in reformingthe jury systemIn

45、 discussing the U. S. jury system, the text centers on.A. its nature and problemsB. its characteristics and traditionC. its problems and their solutionsD. its tradition and development18、 Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumped the efficiency of their newest aircraft,

46、 the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them

47、 to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expand less energy. The air flowing over a birds wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as up wash. Other birds flying in the upwash experie

48、nce reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and theUniversity of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally change places so