高中英语2024届高考复习句子成分知识讲解（状语+补语+同位语）.doc

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1、高考英语句子成分知识讲解一、状语状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子的句子成分。通常有以下表示方法：1.副词作状语副词作状语可以表示时间、地点、行为方式、程度、频度等，位置很灵活。Nowadays, the young people are more realistic than the old generation.如今年轻人比老一辈人更现实了。They were greatly touched to hear the old womans story.听了老妇人的事他们都大为感动。2.介词短语作状语介词短语作状语可以表示时间、地点、方式等。Cadres should not

2、 stand above the masses.干部不应该高居于群众之上。Rome was not built in a day.（谚语）罗马建成并非一日之功。3.不定式（短语) 作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、结果、原因、程度等，可以用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。We feel much honored to have you come to our party.您能来参加我们的聚会，我们深感荣幸。To sum up, success results from hard work.总而言之，成功是艰苦努力的结果。不定式有时可以和for引起的短语结合在一起作状语。This article i

3、s too difficult for me to understand.这篇文章对我来说太难理解了。4.分词（短语）作状语分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随状态等。表示时间、原因、条件的分词短语通常放在句首，表示行为方式或伴随状态的分词短语常放在句末。Learning of the bad news, he returned to his home quickly.得知这一坏消息后，他迅速回到了家。Not having got enough hands, we had great difficulty in completing the project.由于人手不够，我们

4、完成这项工程困难很大。The old woman came slowly into the room, accompanied by two nurses.在两名护士的陪同下，老太太慢慢走进了屋子。5.名词短语作状语Lei Feng served the people heart and soul.雷锋全心全意为人民服务。We completed the work five days ahead of time.我们提前五天完成了这项工作。6.形容词作状语形容词也和分词一样，常可单独或引起短语作状语，表示原因、方式、时间等。Overjoyed, she dashed out of the ho

5、use.她非常高兴，急步跑出屋去。He went back to her, full of apologies.他充满歉意地回到了他身边。7.复合结构作状语状语有时可以由一名（代）词和另一成分构成的复合结构担任，称为独立结构 (Absolute Construction)，也就是我们常说的独立主格结构。它的特点是：a.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；b.名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系；c.独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。复合结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件和伴随状态等。常见的复合结构有以下几类：（1）名词（或代词）+分词Weat

6、her permitting, well go fishing tomorrow.如果天气许可，我们明天就去钓鱼。He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.他脸朝天头枕着双手躺着。（2）名词（或代词）+形容词He entered the room, his nose red with cold.他鼻子冻得通红地走进屋里。（3）名词（或代词）+不定式This Sunday I will do the cooking, he to clean the house.这个星期天我要做饭，他来打扫房间。（4）名词（或代词）+介词短语The

7、professor was lecturing on the platform, a book in hand.教授正在讲台上讲课，手里拿着一本书。（5）名词（或代词）+副词Some boys like to wear the coat inside out.一些男孩子喜欢反着穿上衣。The picture was hung upside down.这张画挂倒了。注：介词with有时后面跟一复合结构，即：with+名词（或代词）+其他，这种短语作用和独立结构差不多。With the prices of daily goods going up, people cant afford to bu

8、y expensive things.由于日用品价格上涨，人们买不起贵重物品了。He stood there with his hands in his pockets.他双手插在口袋里在那儿站着。8.从句作状语作状语的从句叫状语从句。状语从句可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等，可以放在句首或句末，一般放在句首强调意义更强。有关状语从句的更多用法参见第七章“状语从句”部分，这里仅举一例。He was late for the meeting because he was caught in a traffic jam.因为交通堵塞，他开会迟到了。二、补语补语有主语补

9、语和宾语补语两种，它用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，在句法上是不可或缺的。1.主语补语主语补语是补足主语意义的句子成分，有些人把表语也并于补语中，本书已把表语单列出来进行了详细讲述，这里只讲被动句中的主语补语。（1）名词作主语补语动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词用作主语补足语。He was found the right man for the job.他被认为是这个工作的最佳人选。（2）形容词作主语补语动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider,

10、wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。The missing boy was found dead.这个丢失的小男孩被找到时已经死了。有时主语补语的形容词前要加as。My casual behavior at that time was considered as irresponsible.我当时那随意的做法被认为是不负责任的。（3）副词作主语补语Some money should be set aside for future use.应该攒些钱以备将来使用。（4）介词短语作主语补语The books in the study must be kept in good order.书房里

11、的书必须摆放整齐。（5）不定式作主语补语感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel等接不带to的不定式（但在这些词的被动语态中后面跟的不定式要带to）作主语补语，以及allow, order, make等后面接带to的不定式用作主语补语。The kids are allowed to buy things related to their studies.孩子们被允许买与学习有关的物品。（6）分词作主语补语动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词用作主语补足语。The professor w

12、as seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab.有人看到教授正在化学实验室做实验。The scheme will be made known to the public next week.该计划将在下周公布。有些情况下现在分词前要加as。She was accepted as having seen much of the world.她被认为是见过大世面的。（7）从句作主语补语People are born what color they are.人们的肤色是天生的。2.宾语补语第五种基本句型是适用宾补的句型，即主语+谓语+宾语+宾补。宾

13、语补语有以下表示方法：（1）形容词作宾语补语The murderer pretended himself innocent.凶手假装无辜。有些作宾语补语的形容词前要加as，即“宾语+as+形容词”。可接这种结构的动词有：accept, acknowledge, declare, deny, decide, describe, designate, ensure, hold, label, rank, reckon, recognize, regard, see等。The students regard Prof.Wang as knowledgeable and responsible.学生们

14、认为王教授博学多才且富有责任心。（2）名词作宾语补语The fire left the luxury garden a ruin.大火把这个豪华的园林变为一片废墟。有些作宾语补语的名词前可以加as，也可以不加as。The man confessed himself (as) a thief.这个人承认自己是小偷。有些动词后需要接“宾语+as+名词”结构，as不可省略，这样的动词有：regard, take, hold, look upon, remember, speak of, describe, depict, represent, qualify, imagine, accept, re

15、cognize, employ, hire, characterize, design, use, establish等。（3）副词作宾语补语We must let the air in, since its very stuffy inside.我们要通通风，里面太闷热了。They voted her proposal down.他们投票否决了她的提议。（4）介词短语作宾语补语They will put the corrupt official on trial.他们将让贪官受审。The leaders empty speech nearly bored us to death.那位领导空洞

16、的讲话差点把我们烦死。（5）不定式作宾语补语可以用不定式作宾语补语的动词很多，如ask, invite, force, intend, allow等。另外还有一些感官动词和使役动词要用省略to的不定式作宾语补语，这样用法的感官动词有：see, hear, feel, watch, observe, notice, look at, listen to, find, perceive等，使役动词有：make, let, have。She advises me to listen to the English program every day.她建议我每天收听英语节目。Money makes m

17、are go.（谚语）有钱能使鬼推磨。另外许多动词要接“宾语+to be +补语”的结构。They suspected her to be an enemy agent.他们怀疑她是特工。（6）分词作宾语补语I saw the short man stealing a ladys purse.我看到这个矮个子男人在偷一个女士的钱包。We should keep ourselves informed of whats going on in the world.我们应当了解世界上正在发生的事。有些作宾语补语的现在分词前要加as。He sees his life as being a dream.

18、他把生活看做是一场梦。（7）从句作宾语补语从句做宾语补语的情况很少。You may call it what you like.你叫它什么都行。Her father made her what she is today.她父亲使她有了今天。三、同位语一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧跟其后。同位语的表示方法如下：1.名词作同位语Football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends 足球他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友

19、。2.代词作同位语They are both in favor of the plan.他们两人都赞成这个计划。3.数词作同位语We four are greatly interested in reading novels.我们四个都对看小说很感兴趣。4.不定式作同位语Yoursuggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea 趁热打铁，是个好建议。5.动名词作同位语Their plan, building two railways in this area, was fulfilled on schedule.他们

20、在这一地区建两条铁路的计划按期完成了。6.从句作同位语从句做同位语即同位语从句，可以接同位语从句的名词都是像fact, thought, news, truth, idea, possibility等的抽象名词。更多此类用法参见第七章“同位语从句”部分，这里仅举一例。Thepossibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed 人们经常讨论大多数劳动力会在家里工作的可能性。注：如果同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗号隔开；如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释，它们之间的关系松散时就要用逗号隔开。此外，有时同位语可以提到句子前部，放在主语之前。A peasant by birth, Liu Dawei is straightforward in character.刘大伟是农民出身，是个直性子。5