非言语交际及其在交际中的影响.docx

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1、非言语交际及其在交际中的影响Abstract Since language has been come into being, it plays a commanding role as a means of communication, but not the only means of it. Nonverbal communication takes place with verbal one at the same time in the communication. However, verbal communication conveys the message in a conv

2、enient and direct way which makes people depend more on such communicative means while neglect the nonverbal one. So it is not surprising that traditionally language studies have emphasized verbal and written forms, but recently nonverbal communication has received more and more attention and become

3、 a young science which is related to many other subjects.After briefly reviewing achievements made in the study of nonverbal communication, this thesis introduces the definition, classification, function, and cultural differences on cross-cultural nonverbal communication. Aiming to point the signifi

4、cance of nonverbal communication, it focuses on the influence of nonverbal communicative approach in communication, especially in teaching with the implication to it. In reality, nonverbal communication has been widely used in many fields,understood which results in failure of performing normal huma

5、n communication. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill stressed the art of speech. Once in his speech, he said, “The level of our life now has exceeded any time in history, for we eat so much. ” To this point, he stopped on purpose looking at the audiences for a while. Then he continued with the

6、finger pointing to his huge stomach, “this is powerful evidence.” Churchill used nonverbal approach twice to assist verbal language. At first, he intentionally used pause to attract the attention of the mass; then he skillfully used the body languagepointing his beer belly to receive vivid effect. _

7、5 (P17) So only when linguistic communication system mixes with nonverbal communication can it form a complete communicative system. If it breaks away from the cooperation and assistance of nonverbal behavior, it is hard to attain effective goal of communication.3.3ReinforcingNonverbal signals may b

8、e used to emphasize a portion of the verbal message. People frequently use movements of the head and hands such as nods, blinks, squints, and shrugs, to help accent or punctuate the verbal message. If you say “I love you” to someone you care about, a hug or kiss is usually followed.Reinforcing can a

9、lso be achieved by changing the pitch or stress on a word or group of words. Our entire meaning relies more heavily on words that are accented. For instance:(1) I want to talk with him. (The sentence meaning lays emphasis on the person who wants to talk.)(2) I want to talk with him. (The sentence me

10、aning relies on the action that the person wants to perform.)(3) I want to talk with him. (The sentence meaning puts stress on the conversational partner with whom the person wants to communicate.)3.4SubstitutingWe use substitution in nonverbal communication when we perform some action instead of sp

11、eaking. Quite a few nonverbal messages are commonly use to take the place of words. If you see a very special friend, you are apt to enlarge the size of your smile and throw open your arms to greet him or her, which is a substitute for all the words it would take to convey the same feeling. If a gro

12、up of people is boisterous, you might place your index finger to your lips as an alternative to saying, “Please calm down so that I can speak. Sometimes, when we are too sad or excited to say anything, we just keep silent. Our silence may replace any verbal messages. In some situation verbal words a

13、re unnecessary for silence at the moment surpasses words. 6 (P12) Before Iraq was intruded by the US, Iraqi ex-president Saddam Hussein fired toward the sky in the presence of the mass to show the anger and the decision of fighting against the US. (from TV report) The action the president showed wou

14、ld be more powerful than words that called on the Iraqi people to counterattack American troops. For deaf-mutes, born to be unable to communicate verbally like normal people, the sign language or gesture provides opportunity for them to communicate with others in the silent world. In this case, nonv

15、erbal communication replaces the function of verbal one.For nonverbal communication to act as substitution, it must be interpreted in specific culture. Here are some examples: If we try to use our culture s nonverbal substitutes in another culture, misunderstandings may occur. Arab men often greet b

16、y kissing on both cheeks. In Buddhism countries of Southeast Asia like Thailand, people greet with both hands closed in front of chest. In Japan, men greet by bowing, and in the United States, people shake hands. Americans who say I by pointing to their chests would not be understood in Japan, where

17、 I” is symbolized by pointing to one s nose.3. 5RegulatingWe often regulate and manage communication by using some form of nonverbal behavior: we nod our head in agreement to indicate to our communication partner that we agree and that he or she should continue talking; or we remain silent for a mom

18、ent and let the silence send the message that we are ready to begin our speech. Nonverbal behaviors usually represent the most efficient and least offensive means of regulating interaction. To say, “Shut up, Tom” may trigger a hostile and defensive reaction; to present the same message by eye contac

19、t or gesture is a more desirable way. Nodding and eye contact are two typical nonverbal hints that mean “I want to talk” and “It s your turn to talk” . When we want to indicate we have finished speaking and the other person can start in a conversation, we may increase our eye contact with the other

20、person. Conversely, if we want to keep the other from speaking, we may decrease eye contact and perhaps raise the volume. When we do not want to take a speaking turn, we might reinforce our head nods and maintain attentive eye contact. Rapid nods may signal the speaker to hurry up and finish while s

21、low and silent nods usually indicate the speakers talking will continue.3.6ContradictingThe term contradicting includes a variety of ways verbal and nonverbal signals are not in agreement with each other. A young woman told her psychological doctor that she was deeply in love with her boy friend wit

22、h shaking her head at the same time that unconsciously disapproved what she said. 7 (P3) “He that has eyes to see and ears to hear may convince himself that no mortal can keep a secret. ” (Sigmund Freud3 (P181) That is to say, our nonverbal actions would tell the truths that are tried to cover by ve

23、rbal messages. You tell someone you are relaxed and at ease, yet your voice quavers and your hands shake.The contradictory message occurs because people do not want to tell the truth and they do not want to lie. In most cases, we don t like to contradict others, hurt their feeling or let them lose f

24、ace. When a friend gave a terrible presentation, we may say “You did it quite well. ” but our voice, face and body may not support the words. On other occasions, people even use contradictory messages to communicate sarcasm or irony, saying one thing with words but meaning the opposite with vocal to

25、ne or facial expressions.Because people rely mostly on nonverbal messages when they receive conflicting data, we need to be aware of the dangers inherent in sending opposing messages.4. Some nonverbal behaviors in different culturesMuch of our difficulty with people in other countries stems from the

26、 fact that so little is known about nonverbal communication. Formal training in the language, history, government, and customs of another nation is only the first step in a comprehensive program. Of equal importance is an introduction to the nonverbal language which exists in every country of the wo

27、rld and among the various groups within each country.Culture is all-persuasive, multidimensional, and boundless; it is everywhere and in everything. The same is also true of nonverbal behavior. Our clothes and jewelry, the countless expressions we can reflect with our face, the hundreds of movements

28、 we can make with our bodies, where and how we touch people, our gaze and eye contact, vocal behaviors such as laughter, and our use of time, space, and silence are just some of the behaviors in which we engage that serve as message.4. IGeneral appearance and dressIn intercultural communication, app

29、earance and objects are important because the standards we apply and the judgments we make are subject to cultural interpretations. In the UnitedStates, people tend to value the appearance of tall, slender women. In Japan, diminutive females are deemed the most attractive.Clothinghow much, how littl

30、e, and what kindis alsoa reflection of a culture s value orientation. For example, modesty is highly valued among Arabs. Muslim girls usually wear scarves to cover their heads, and in most instances, girls are not allowed to participate in swimming classes because of the prohibitions against exposin

31、g their bodies.4. 2GesturesGestures refer to specific body movements that carry meaning. Hands can form shapes that convey many meanings that may differ among cultures. What is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another. One culture may determine that snapping fingers to cal

32、l waiter is appropriate; another may consider this gesture rude. For instance, the “OK” gesture in the American culture is a symbol for money in Japan. The same gesture is obscene in some Latin American countries; while for Chinese or people in the South of France is zero or nothing. 6 (P13)The same

33、 movement with different meaning in cross-cultural communication will lead to misunderstanding in minor degree otherwise to court disaster. The gesture for applauding over the head in America usually means arrogance to defeat the counterpart, while in Russia it is a symbol of friendship. When the So

34、viet Premier Khrushchev visited America, he performed such gesture to indicate friendship, but this made many Americans feel uncomfortable. 6 (P13)4.3 PosturePosture and sitting habits offer insight into a culture s deep structure. In many Asian cultures, the bow is much more than a greeting. It sig

35、nifies the culture s concern with status and rank. In Japan, for example, low posture is an indicator of respect. Although it appears simple to the outsider, the bowing ritual is actually rather complicated. The person who occupies the lower status begins the bow, and his or her bow must be deeper t

36、han the other person s. The superior, on the other hand, determines when the bowing is to end. When the participants are of equal rank, they begin the bow in the same manner and end at the same time.In the United States, where being casual and friendly is valued, people often fall into chairs or slo

37、uch when they stand. In many countries, such as Germany and Sweden, where lifestyles tend to be more formal, slouching is considered a sign of rudeness and poor manners. In Turkey, putting one s hands in one s pockets is a sign of disrespect.The manner in which we sit also can communicate a message.

38、 In Ghana and in Turkey, sitting with one, s legs crossed is extremely offensive. People in Thailand believe that because the bottoms of the feet are the lowest part of the body, they should never be pointed in the direction of another person. In fact, for the Thai, the feet take on so much signific

39、ance that people avoid stomping with them.4.4 ParalanguageParalanguage refers to all the acoustic phenomena to accompany the spoken words. That is, what is said is not the actual meaning of the spoken words but needs to consider other factors mainly including voice set, voic e qualities and vocaliza

40、tion. Voice set regarded as the background of the words includes the high or low pitch of the tone and volume and dynamics of the voice. 8 (P68) This term was first raised up by linguist Trager in his book Language in Culture and Society pressed inl965. As with all other aspects of our nonverbal beh

41、avior, culture influences our use of and response to paralanguage. We only have to look at differences in the use of volume to see this. Arabs speak very loudly because loudnessfor them connotes strength and sincerity, while softness communicates weakness and deviousness. For Israelis, increased vol

42、ume reflects strong beliefs toward the issue under discussion. The Germans conduct their business with a commanding tone that projects authority and self-confidence. On the other end of the continent, there are cultures that have a very different view toward loud and firm voices. For Thai people, a

43、loud voice is perceived as being impolite. In Japan, raising one s voice often implies a lack of self-control. For them, a gentle and soft voice reflects good manners and helps maintain social harmonytwo important values in Japanese culture. When interacting with Americans, people from cultures that

44、 speak softly often believe that Americans are angry or upset because of other relatively loud speech.4.51 nterpersonal spaceWe distance ourselves rather precisely from each other while speaking, and these distances are determined culturally. In the United States, the conversational distance is abou

45、t arm s length. People in some cultures stand much closer; others further apart. As with most communication traditions, violation of such a cultural habit can cause discomfort, even distress. It can be amusing to watch two people who were raised so it is necessary to learn something about it in orde

46、r to improve our communicative quality.Key Words nonverbal communication; cultural difference; function; influence; teaching【摘要】自从语言产生以来，言语交际便在人类交际中扮演最 主要的角色,但并非是交际的唯一手段。在传播过程中，非言语交际与 言语交际是同时进行的，然而言语交际较为快捷地传递信息，因此人 们较多依赖于此种交际手段而忽视非言语表达。难怪对于语言的研究, 传统上较重视口语及书面语这两种言语交际形式,而很少顾及非言语 交际形式;然而近年来，非言语交际手段越来越受

47、到语言学家们的关 注,成为一门跨学科的新兴科学。本文简述了非言语交际的研究成果， 从定义、基本分类、功能、跨文化非言语交际的文化差异这几方面对 其作了简要介绍。为了指出非言语交际的重要性,着重论述非言语交 际在交际中的影响尤其对教学产生的影响，从而得出对教学的启示。 在现实生活,非言语交际被广泛应用于许多领域，因此为提高交际质 量有必要对非言语交际作一些了解。【关键词】非言语交际;文化差异;功能;影响;教学IntroductionSince language has been come into being, it becomes the most important communicativ

48、e tool for human being, but not the only one. When we are involved in communicating, we need to mobilize our facial expression, body movement, intonation, temperature, in different cultures with different impressions of proper distance do their spacing moving in an attempt to arrive at mutually comf

49、ortable positions. North Americans and Spaniards provide a good example. 3 (P191) A North American speaking to a Spaniard will want more space between them than will the Spaniard. So the Spaniard is likely to step a bit closer, causing the North American to move back a step. Finally, as often happens, the North American will be up against a wall, with no room to retreat further, feeling uncomfortable as the Spaniard “crowds in. The Spaniard, meanwhile, will feel comfort