2023年考研外语专家预测过关卷5.docx

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1、考研外语专家预测过关卷5一、Use of English1 Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1) people into his system, he put them into a group called Ho mo一and Linn

2、es hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2) the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered (3) hair.Modern (4)are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Mans lofty (5), and the c

3、himpanzee is now referred to (6)Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7)that chimps are humans nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8), understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. T

4、hat, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9)it is here that the (10) must originate.D. fast food restaurants are beneficial supplements to school cafeterias.Which is one of the difficulties to change the way children eat?A. Some public-health officials think its impossible.B.There

5、are less and less home-cooking in the country.C. Many parents are not aware of the importance to cook better meals.D. Fast-food companies are not investing enough in new food for children.We can infer from Para. 2 that Jamier Oliver thinksA. its schooT s responsibility to teach kids what to eat.B. t

6、he U. S should revamp the nations school-food program early.C. to change the way kids eat is equal to putting a man on the moon.D. its possible to change the way kids eat although its difficult.Gary Hirshberg made a new type of vending machine in order toA. earn much more money for his company.B.red

7、uce school expenditure on those low-nutrition food.C. replace the traditional snacks as they are harmful to kids.D. promote a new kind of yogurt product.What is the main idea of the text?A. Politicians are paying more attention to the food of students.B.Schools are reluctant to change the food struc

8、ture at present.C. There are a lot of difficulties in changing school food.D. It is high time to improve school food and many efforts have been made.6、When a customer claimed to have found a severed finger in a bowl of chilli served at a Wendys fast-food franchise in California, the chains sales fel

9、l by half in the San Jose area where the incident was reported. Wendys brand and reputation were at risk, until the claim was exposed as a hoax in late April and the company, operator of Americas third-biggest hamburger chain, was vindicated.Yet the share price of Wendys International, the parent co

10、mpany, rose steadily through March and April, despite thefinger furore and downgrades from analysts. One reason was heavy buying by hedge funds, led by Pershing Square Capital. This week Pershing made its intentions public, saying that it was worried by market rumours that Wendys might soon buy more

11、 fast-food brands, and arguing that the firm should be selling assets instead. Pershings approach indicates rising pressure on American restaurant companies to perform, at a time when the industrys growth prospects look increasingly tough.The hit on customers wallets from higher petrol prices and ri

12、sing interest rates will probably mean that year-on-year sales growth across the American restaurant industry slows to just 1% by the fourth quarter of 2022, down from a five-year historic average of 5. 6%, say UBS, an investment bank, and Global Insight, a forecasting group. Looking further ahead,

13、says UBS s David Palmer, the industry may have to stop relying on most of the long-term trends that were behind much of its recent growth.Three-quarters of Americans already live within three miles of a McDonalds restaurant, leaving little scope for green-field growth. (Obesity is a growing issue in

14、 America, and with it come the threat of liability lawsuits against big restaurant chains and, perhaps, legal limits on advertising. ) This week America5 sbiggest food trade group, the Grocery Manufacturers,Association, was said to be preparing tougher guidelines on the marketing of food to children

15、, in the hope of staving off statutory controls. Home cooking may also be making a comeback, helped by two factors. The percentage of women joining America s workforce may have peaked, and supermarket chains such as Wal-Mart have been forcing down retail food prices. Expansion overseas is one option

16、 for American restaurant chains. Burger King, the privately owned number two hamburger chain, opened its first outlet in China last month, apparently aiming to maintain strong growth ahead of an initial public offering next year. McDonalds has 600 outlets in China and plans 400 more. But at home, th

17、e future seems to hold only an ever more competitive and cost-conscious restaurant industry. Fast-food chains are trying to poach customers from casual dining” chains (such as Applebees Neighborhood Grill), while those chains are squeezing out independent restaurants unable to compete on cost or in

18、marketing clout. Business conditions, not severed fingers, are the real threat to the weaker firms in the restaurant business.The word z/hoax/z (paragraph 1) probably meansA. truth.B. joke.C. revenge.D. warn.Why did the share price of Wendys International rise steadily after the severed finger incid

19、ent?A. The womans claim was reported as a mistake.B. Wendys is Americans third-biggest hamburger chain.C. Pershing Square Capital bought a large amount of its shares.DWendys will buy more fast-food brands and assets.From paragraph 4 we can infer thatA.there is one McDonalds restaurant every three mi

20、les.8. to limit advertising of food to children is a way to avoid obesity.C.home cooking may prevent women from joining Americas workforce.D.Wal-Mart can raise the fo6d prices by its large scale.How can American restaurant chains accelerate their business?A. To improve the quality of their products

21、and services.B. To raise their share prices with the help of some hedgefunds.C. To invest more money in advertising especially to children.D.To expand their business scope overseas.Which statement is true according to the text?AAmericas restaurant industry is growing steadily.B. Wendys International

22、 is threatened severely by Burger King and McDonaldC. Fast-food chains are facing more competitive market inside America.D. UBS and Global Insight are planning to help restaurant industry get out of difficulties.11、One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, w

23、hich explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situation

24、s or repelled by unclean, sanity ones. In the latter case, alcohol drinking is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of pleasure generally observed in most personsafter they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to s

25、how that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.The

26、 obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face

27、of family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior, came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, fa

28、vors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may themselves become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The wayin which the desire for another drink could be caused by anx

29、iety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events securing at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or leer, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimul

30、us, thus triggering another time of drinking.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward

31、 and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.Congers experiment with two groups of ratsA.concludes that alcohol drinking may affect appetite.B. confirms the finding

32、s of other academic researchers.C. shows that alcohol minimizes fear.D.disproves learning and reinforcement theory.From Paragraph 3, we can learn thatA. the learning theory contradicts itself in some fields.B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.C. tension reduction appears firs

33、t after drinking alcohol.D.the unpleasant consequence of alcoholism can make alcoholics stop drinking.The author provides enough information to answer the question ofA. why alcoholics continue to drink in spite of the unpleasant consequences.B. how Conger explained the behavior, of alcoholics in ter

34、ms of shock therapy.C.under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.D. which is the best treatment of alcoholism.It can be inferred from the text thatA. the behavior. of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B. the behavior, of most alcoholics proves the learning

35、 theory.C.punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.D. frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.The main purpose of the text is toA. introduce some theories about alcoholism.B.help alcoholics and others to understand the cause of alcoholism.C. expl

36、ain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholism.D. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.16 Clever, rich or both一almost every country in the world has some sort of programme to attract desirable migrants. The only exceptions are weird places like Bhutan says Christian Kal

37、in of Henley Partners, which specializes in fixing visas and passports for globe-trotters. Competition is fierce and, as with most things, that lowers the price and increases choice. Britain has two programmes, one for the rich一who have to invest 750, 000 ($1. 36m) in actively traded securities一and

38、one, much larger, for talented foreigners.Both have worked well. Unlike some other countries, Britain does not make applicants find a job first: with good qualifications, they can just turn up and look for work. ThatOne half of the puzzle has been (11)for several years: the human genome was publishe

39、d in 2022. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this weeks Nature (12) the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13) answers to age-old questions (14), the publication of the chimp genome may be something of an (15) There are no immediately obvious gen

40、es一present in one, but not the other一that account for such characteristic human (16)as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17) there is a gene connected with language, known as F0XP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes (18) by the members o

41、f the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19)any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (20).A. slotB. pledgeC. plotD.scrutinize2、A. Andhelps keep Britains economy flexible and competitive. But

42、now a bureaucratic snag is threatening the scheme.The problem comes with anyone wanting to convert his visa into “indefinite leave to remain” (Britains equivalent of Americas Green Card). This normally requires four years continuous residence in Britain. After a further year, it normally leads to Br

43、itish citizenship.The law defines continuous residence sensibly. Business trips and holidays dont count, if the applicants main home is in Britain. As a rule of thumb, an average of 90 days abroad was allowed each year. But unpublished guidelines seen by The Economist are tougher: they say that none

44、 of the absences abroad should be of more than three months, and they must not amount to more than six months in all. Over the four years needed to quality, that averages only six weeks a year.For many jet-setters, this restriction is a career-buster. Six weeks abroad barely covers holidays, let alo

45、ne business travel. Alexei Sidney, a Russian consultant, has to turn down important jobs because he cannot afford any more days abroad. If applicants travel too much”, their children risk losing the right to remain in Britain.The Home Office insists that the rules have not changed since2022. That wo

46、uld confirm Mr. Gherson，s suspicion that the new policy has come in by accident, probably as a result of zeal or carelessness by mid-ranking officials. Their attitude is at odds with the stance of the government, which has been trying for years to make the system more user-friendly for the worlds el

47、ite. It even moved processing of business residency cases from a huge office in Croydon, notorious for its slowness and hostility to would-be immigrants, to a new outfit in Sheffield. But lawyers such as Mr. Kalin are in no doubt of the risk Britain is running. America, he says, is already losing ou

48、t in the global talent market because of its painful and humiliating” immigration procedures. If Britains rules stay tight, he says, foreigners will go elsewhere. Likely beneficiaries are Ireland and Austria, European Union countries whose residency visas and passports confer the same convenience as

49、 British ones, with less hassle.According to Christian Kalin, the immigration policy in BhutanA. is different from any other country in the world.B. is not favorable for the immigrants.C. works well in fixing visas and passports for global-trotters.D. increases choices for immigrants.17、According to the 4th paragraph,