2023年考研外语模拟卷12.docx

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1、考研外语模拟卷12一、Use of English1、 The amount of sunlight reaching Earths surface appears to be growing. The phenomenon, which some dub global brightening, z/ (1) scientists with a puzzle. If the (2)is real and global, how long will it last and what are the consequences for climate change, the planets wate

2、r cycle, and other (3) that draw energy from sunlight? (4), the answer might seem obvious: More sunlight reaching the ground in a warming world means that temperatures will get warmer (5)Not so fast, some researchers say. Additional warming would be certain (6) nothing else in the climate system cha

3、nges. And the climate system is (7)static. Some combinations of changes could reinforce the heating; others could (8) it. Unraveling these interactions and forecasting their course require an accurate accounting of the sunlight reaching the surface and the (9) the surface sends skyward. Moreover, re

4、searchers say, measurements of the suns strength at Earths surface are potentially powerful tools for (10)human influences on the climate.moneyThe third paragraph is intended mainly to.A.reveal the problems in the American school systemB. show the importance of the case against New York stateC. exem

5、plify the value of a sound basic educationD. indicate the courts power over the school managementSenator D. P. Moynihan would probably agree that .A. more money for schools will damage the further advancementB. better schools will not necessarily result from more moneyC. the relationship between inp

6、ut and output is widely ignoredD. politicians argue against more money for the schoolsInputs as used in the text refers to all of the following ExceptA. money budget for the schoolB.teaching practices of teachersC. computers and textbooksD. performance of school janitorsWhat does the lawsuit filed a

7、gainst New Jersey indicate?A. Such lawsuits usually stay undecided for an extremely long time.B. Bad judges intend to render the school management a total chaos.C.The courts get more involved into school routine as the lawsuits last.D. The lawsuits are always deeply combined with the funding of scho

8、ols.6、In recent years, Microsoft has focused on three big tasks, building robust security into its software, resolving numerous antitrust complaints against it and upgrading its Windows operating system. These three tasks are now starting to collide. On August 27th the firm said that the successor t

9、o its Windows XP operating system, code-named Longhorn, will go on sale in 2022 without one of its most impressive features: a technique to integrate elaborate search capabilities into nearly all desktop applications. (On the bright side, Longhorn will contain advances in rendering images and enabli

10、ng different computing platforms to exchange data directly between applications.) It is a big setback for Microsoft, which considers search technology a pillar of its future growth一not least as it competes against Google.The firm s focus on security一championed byBill Gates himself一took resources awa

11、y from Longhorn, admits Greg Sullivan, a lead product manager in the Windows client division. Programmers have been fixing Windows XP rather than working on Longhorn. In mid-August, Microsoft released Service Pack 2, a huge set of free software patches and enhancements to make Windows XP more secure

12、. Though some of the fixes turned out to have vulnerabilities of their own, the patches have mostly been welcomed. Microsofts decision to forgo new features in return for better security is one that most computer users will probably applaud.Yet ironically, as Microsoft slowly improves the security o

13、f its products一by, for instance, incorporating firewall technology, anti-virus systems and spam filters一its actions increasingly start to resemble those that, in the past, have got the firm into trouble with regulators. Is security software an adjacent software market”, in which case Microsoft may b

14、e leveraging its dominance of the operating system into it? Integrating security products into Windows might be considered “bundling which, with regard to web browsing, so excited Americas trustbusters in the 1990s. And building security directly into the operating system seems a lot like/zcommingli

15、ngz， software code, on which basis the EuropeanCommission ruled earlier this year that Microsoft abused its market power through the Windows Media Player. Microsoft is appealing against that decision, and on September 30th it will argue for a suspension of the commission s remedies, such as the requ

16、irement that it license its code to rivals.Just last month, the European Unions competition directorate began an investigation into Microsoft and Time Warner, a large media firm, on the grounds that their proposed joint acquisition of Content Guard, a software firm whose products protect digital med

17、ia files, might provide Microsoft with undue market power over digital media standards. The commission will rule by January 2022. Microsoft, it seems, in security as elsewhere, is going to have to get used to being punished for its success. Its Windows monopoly lets it enjoy excessive profits一but th

18、e resulting monoculture makes it an obvious target for viruses and regulators alike.That Microsofts three tasks are colliding is reflected in the fact that.A. the new operating system will be marketed at a discountB. search will be removed from the new operating systemC. all search capabilities will

19、 be combined into the desktopD. images and data will be exchanged more directlyIt is implied in the third paragraph that.A. computer users care a lot about the security of the operating systemB. programmers are disappointed about the shift of the firm s focusC. more resources are being engaged in th

20、e development of LonghornD. patches and enhancements are perfect and popular with the usersThe ironical point is that Microsofts improvement of security.A. is getting along at a pace dissatisfying to regulatorsB.brings itself a total control over the operating systemC. will lead to European Commissi

21、ons stricter licenceD. may be accused of abusing its dominance of the marketWhich of the following does not belong to the “regulators”(Para. 4)?A.European Commission.B.EU，s competition directorate.C.ContentGuard.D. America5 s trusthusters.It can be concluded from the text that.A.viruses and regulato

22、rs are invariably aimed at WindowsB. Microsoft both benefits and suffers from its huge successC.European Unions inquiry into the acquisition is ungroundedD.punishments imposed on Windows are mostly justified11 The Inland Revenue on Thursday accused the British film industry of abusing government aid

23、, with every production of recent years deliberately over-claiming tax relief.Revenue officials called in about 20 members of the film industry and warned them of severe consequences if the “exploitation of tax-relief schemes did not immediately stop. The move, which affects the including low to hig

24、h-budget film-makers and financiers, is the latest in a series of attempts by the Revenue to clamp down on tax loopholes in an attempt to raise more money for the Exchequer,But the film industry responded on Thursday night, saying the Revenue could drive productions overseas and would confuseinvesto

25、rs.A series of tax relief schemes, introduced in 1997, enables those involved in the financing of qualifying British-made films to claim the costs of production against future income. The schemes have Become popular with investors seeking a tax shelter, with an estimated 400m invested in the schemes

26、 in 1997 rising to about 2bn last year.But the Revenue said the industry was exploiting rules on tax relief by double dipping”, that is, by claiming relief more than once against a single piece of expenditure. While not illegal, the Revenue said, the industry was not playing fair”. It said double-di

27、pping was against the spirit of legislation designed to encourage investment in the British film industry. The Revenue said the practice of double dipping was virtually universal”, with every qualifying film it had seen financed on the basis of double dipping”. It warned it would take all steps to c

28、ounter such abuse including, where necessary, advising ministers on introducing legislation to put matters beyond doubt”.“Both the Revenue and the government are becoming increasingly exasperated at the extent to which some parts of the industry are exploiting the film reliefs”, the Revenue said. Th

29、egovernment remains committed to encouraging film production in the UK through use of the reliefs in the way in which the legislation allows一but this does not extend to deliberate exploitation of those reliefs”.Large film financiers said on Thursday night that the Revenues action could undermine gro

30、wth prospects for the British film industry.Peter James, managing director of Movision Entertainment, which has produced 16 British-made films in recent years, including the soon-to-be released Merchant of Venice”, said while the effect of the Revenues clamp down would not Be “devastating”, it could

31、 drive many independent film-makers overseas.Industry observers said on Thursday the Revenues move was likely to confuse investors, who have been accustomed to the benefits of double-dipping.We can learn from the first three paragraphs that .A. film-makers turn to the government for financial helpB.

32、 several actions have been taken to stop tax evasionC. officials have phoned up many film makers to protestD. more tax relief is needed to keep the industry going 12、According to the text, tax relief schemes were intended toA. attract more investment into the film industryB.ensure the interests of i

33、nvestors against lossesC.check the rise of film production expendituresD.prevent the invasion of overseas film makersThe Revenues last resort in solving the problem seems to beA.removing tax reliefB.protesting more loudlyC. warning last timeD. making new lawsIn the last three paragraphs, the writer

34、intends to showA. the disappointment of the film industry at Revenues decisionB. the state of worry in the minds of film investorsC. the reactions to the Revenues move of parties concernedD. the way out of the present difficult situationWhich of the following is the best title of the text?A. Film-ma

35、kers Accused of Abusing AidB. Problems with the Film IndustryC. Inland Revenues ActionsD. A Clash: Revenue vs. Film Industry16、Until recently, the common factor in all the science used to figure out if a piece of art was forged was that it was concerned with the medium of the artwork, rather than th

36、e art itself. Matters of style, and form, were left to art historians, who could make erudite, but qualitative, judgments about whether a painting was really good enough to be, say, a Leonardo. But this is changing. A paper in this weeks Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Hany Farid

37、and his colleagues at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire uses statistical techniques to examine art itself一the message, not the medium. Dr. Farid employed a technique called wavelet analysis to examine 13 drawings that had at one time or another been attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder, a 16th-ce

38、ntury Flemish painter. He also looked at Perugino, s Madonna with Child”, a 15th-century Italian masterpiece lodged in the colleges Hood Museum of Art. He concluded, in agreement with art historians, that eight of the putative Bruegels are authentic, while the other five are imitations. In the case

39、of Madonna with Child”,Earths radiation budget (11) an extremely important parameter that is (12) known,“ says Robert Charlson, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington at Seattle. It needs to be (13) much better than it is. (14)about the amount of sunlight reaching Earths surface we

40、re first raised in 1974.Researchers from the United States and Israel recorded a 12% drop (15)sunlight over 40 years at a (16)station in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Since then, others have used a variety of techniques to try to track (17) sunlight. Three years ago, for example, a (18) led by Beate

41、 Liepert at Columbia Universitys Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory gathered data from ground (19) around the world and found that solar radiation reaching the surface fell (20) 4% from 1961 to 1990.A.presentsB.offersC. grantsD.provides2、A. trendB. treadC. trench he analysed the six faces in the paint

42、ing (Mary, the infant Jesus and several saints) and found that three of them were probably done by the same painter, while the other three were each done by a different hand. The view that four different painters worked on the canvas is, he says, consistent with the view of some art historians that

43、Perugino s apprentices did much of the work, although there is no clear consensus among art historians.As sceptics will doubtless point out, this is a small number of images. Furthermore, Dr. Farid knew before performing the analysis what results he expected. But he is the first to acknowledge that

44、it is early days for his methodology. He hopes to study many more paintings. By looking at large numbers of paintings that are universally believed to be authentic, Dr. Farid hopes to be able to examine doubtful cases with confidence in the future,Even with the Bruegels一real and imitation一though, Dr

45、. Farids results are persuasive.It is tricky to describe exactly what it is that distinguishes the real ones from the imitations, but Dr. Fetid says that it can be thought of as the nature of the artists brushstroke. Unlike some analyses of Jackson Pollocks work that have beendone over the past few

46、years by Richard Taylor of the University of Oregon, Dr. Farid says his technique could, in principle, be used for any artist.What Dr. Farid did was to convert each work of art into a set of mathematical functions. These so-called wavelets describe particular parts of the image as a series of peaks

47、and troughs of variable height and wavelength. By expressing an image this way, it is possible to compress that image while losing very little information. The sums of the wavelets from different images can then be compared. Once he did this, Dr. Farid found that the types of wavelets used to expres

48、s authentic Bruegels were noticeably different from those used to express the imitations. (The Perugino was analysed by treating the six faces as distinct paintings.) It seems that curators may soon be able to add another weapon to their anti-forgery arsenal.The message Dr. Farids work focuses on is

49、 close to .A. what the artwork intends to tellB.the style, and form, of the workC.the common factor of scienceD.the quality of the artworkWhy did Dr. Farid examine Peruginos Madonna with Child”?A. To indicate it was a creation of cooperative work.B. To illustrate the consistency of historians judgments.C. To