2022年考研外语考试真题及答案77.docx

《2022年考研外语考试真题及答案77.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022年考研外语考试真题及答案77.docx（23页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、2022年考研外语考试真题及答案一、SectionSection 11、依据以下材料回答120题：Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak

2、its name. But Gregory Cochran is(1)to say it anyway. He is that(2)bird, a scientist who works independently (3)any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not(4)thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused Much controversy when it was first suggeste

3、d.(5)he, however, might tremble at the(6)of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only(7)that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in(8)are a particular pe

4、ople originated from centralbeA. domestic and temporary.B. irregular and violent.C. durable and frequent.D. trivial and random.4、第 24 题 The sentence I lived from paycheck to paycheck.(Line 6, Para. 5) shows thatA. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.BAlvarez s salary barely covered her hous

5、ehold expenses.C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check.5、Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Strain of Stress: No Way Out?B. Responses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC. Stress Analysis: What Chemicals SayD. Gender Inequalit

6、y: Women Under Stress6、依据下列文章，回答2630题。It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it totheir peers for

7、 review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet and pressure from funding agencie

8、s, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it一 is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching cons

9、equences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific e

10、ndeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Sci

11、entific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.They publish more than 1. 2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now o

12、nline. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be pub

13、lished. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the f

14、irst six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form, of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.第 26 题 In the first paragraph, the author discussesA. the background information of journal editing.B.th

15、e publication routine of laboratory reports.C. the relations of authors with journal publishers.D. the traditional process of journal publication.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A. It criticizes government-funded research.B. It introduces an effective means of publication.C. It ups

16、ets profit-making journal publishers.D. It benefits scientific research considerably.According to the text, online publication is significant in thatA. it provides an easier access to scientific results.B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientif

17、ic knowledge.D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research.With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA. cover the cost of its publication.B. subscribe to the journal publishing it.C. allow other online journals to use it freely.D. complete the peer-revie

18、w before submission.10、第 30 题 Which of the following best summarizes the mainidea of the passage?A.The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.B. A new mode of publication is emerging.C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.D.Publication is rendered easier by online service.11、依据下列文章，回答

19、3135题。In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years,

20、and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today

21、s people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U. S. for many generations- apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren t likely to get any taller. In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, weve pretty much gone as far as we can go,

22、 says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright StateUniversity. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and

23、 nutrients - notably, protein - to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern

24、known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height- 5Z 9 for men, 5/ 4 for women- hasnJ J t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have mo

25、re difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. There are some real constraints that are set by the

26、genetic architecture of the individual organism, says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but dont expect this tohappen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass, ensures that 90 percent of the uniform

27、s and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, you could use today

28、 s data and feel fairly confident.第 31 题 Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example toA. illustrate the change of height of NBA players.B. show the popularity of NBA players in the U. SC. compare different generations of NBA players.D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players.Which of the followin

29、g plays a key role in body growth according to the text?A. Genetic modification.B. Natural environment.C. Living standards.D. Daily exercise.On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?A. Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.B. Human height is condition

30、ed by the upright posture.C. Americans are the tallest on average in the world.D. Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near futureA. the garment industry will reconsider the uniform, size.B. the design of military uniforms will remain unchange

31、d.C. genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable. 15、The text intends to tell us thatA. the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.B. human height is becoming even more predictable.C. Americans have reached their gene

32、tic growth limit.D. the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.16、依据下列文章，回答3640题。In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw - havingextracted them from the mouths of h

33、is slaves.Thats a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made availab

34、le in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nations early leaders and t

35、he fragile nature of the countrys infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong - and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson pri

36、vately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was like having a large bank account, /z says Wiencek, author of An

37、 Imperfect God: George Washington,His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution, z/ including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.An

38、d the statesmen, s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in

39、1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Heiningss children - though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldi

40、ers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.第 36 题 George Washingtons dental surgery is mentioned toA. show the primitive medic

41、al practice in the past.Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, (9)12-15 points above the (10)value of 100, and have contributed (11)to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the (12)of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,(1

42、3). They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,(14), have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been(15) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of(16) education. The latter was seen as a (an) (17)of gene

43、tic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately(18). His argument is that the unusual history of these people has (19) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this (20) state of affairs.第1题请选择处最佳答案()oA. selectedB. preparedC. obligedD. pleased

44、2、第2题请选择处最佳答案（）oB. demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.C.stress the role of slaves in the U. S. history.D.reveal some unknown aspect of his life.We may infer from the second paragraph thatA. DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.B. in its early days the U.S. was confr

45、onted with delicate situations.C historians deliberately made up some stories of Jeffersons life.D. political compromises are easily found throughout the U. S. history.What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.B. His status as a father made hi

46、m free the child slaves.C. His attitude towards slavery was complex.D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.Which of the following is true according to the text?A. Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.B. Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.C. Slave owners

47、usually had large savings accounts.D. Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution 20、Washingtons decision to free slaves originated from his A. moral considerations.B. military experience.C. financial conditions.D. political stand三、Section IlSection 111、依据下列文章，回答4145题。Directions： In the following

48、 article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points) The time forsharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.(41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next,