压轴题02阅读理解D（语言类）（原卷版）-2023年高考英语压轴题专项训练（江苏专用）.docx

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1、压轴题02阅读理解D综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2023年高考对于科普说明文的考查仍然是重点。科普 说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都是以压轴 题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会生活等多 种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。I压轴题要颁超臣赘典二语言学类:阅读理解D篇阅读文章一般难度都比较大，但命题者设题的难度并不大。2.实用解题方法：某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替 换。有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2或3句以后，会出现对比或者转

2、折。一般来说，转 折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主 旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的， 正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的 关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相 反意思来判断。注意几个词，yet表转折，h

3、ardly表否定。while有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的 对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。，压轴题施骑押题速练1.Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common m and a to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year stud

4、y shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the worlds languages.More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as f and v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer

5、foods. Now a team of researchers led byDamian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned （对齐），making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the

6、 lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure （结构），making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didnt

7、 have to do as much work and so didnt grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of and increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not fo

8、und in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, b

9、ut rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.1. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damian Blasis research focus on?A. Its variety.

10、 B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development.2. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front tee

11、th were not large enough.3. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.4. What does Steven Moran say about the set

12、 of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.押题速练2Every language and culture has curse words（脏话）.What gives a curse word its power is partly its meaning an

13、d partly its sound. “In English, fbr example, curse words tend to contain a high percentage of plosive soundsincluding P, T and K, “said Ryan McKay, a psychologist at University of London.Dr. McKay teamed up with his colleague Shiri Lev-Ari to learn whether this familiar pattern went beyond English.

14、 They wondered whether it might even represent whats called sound symbolism. Sound symbolism is when a word sounds like what it means.The researchers first asked fluent speakers of Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Korean and Russian to list the most vulgar（粗俗的）words they could think of. Once theyd made a l

15、ist of each languages most frequently used curse words, the researchers compared these with neutral words from the same language. In these languages, they didnt find the plosive sounds that seem common in English curse words. Instead, we found that the vulgar words were defined by what they lacked:

16、the approximant sounds that include letters I, L, R, W and Y, Dr. Lev-Ari said.Next, the scientists invited 215 native speakers of six languages: Arabic, Chinese, Finnish, French, German and Spanish. The participants listened to pairs of words in a language they didnt speak, and guessed which word i

17、n each pair was offensive. In reality, all the words were invented. For example, the researchers started with the Albanian word zog, fbr bird, “and created the pair of fake words yog” and tsog. Participants were more likely to guess that words without approximant, such as tsog, were curses.Finally,

18、the researchers combed through the dictionary for English curse words and their cleaned-up versions. Once again, the clean versions included more of the sounds I, L, R, W and Y.A 20th-century linguistic（语言学的）principle claimed that the sounds of words were arbitrary: Any word could have any meaning.

19、With curse words, though, as in other cases of sound symbolism, the sounds themselves seem to carry meaning, “said Lev-Ari. Thats a new thing, “said linguist Benjamin Bergen. Curse words across languages, unrelated to each other, may pattern similarly. ,9He also pointed out, to make sure the pattern

20、 of approximants missing from curses isnt an accident, it would be nice to find it in an even larger sample of languages.1. What is the purpose of McKay and Lev-Aris research?A. To analyze a phenomenon.B. To confirm an assumption.C. To explain a definition.D. To challenge a theory.2. What were the p

21、articipants asked to do in the second part of the research?A. To decide which curse words are used more frequently.B To make up new curse words from real words.C. To guess a words offensiveness according to its sound.D. To identify the approximants in curse words.3. According to Lev-Ari, which of th

22、e four is likely to sound offensive?A. tusckB. solaC. darnD. biach4. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The old linguistic principle of sounds and meanings is wrong.B. In sound symbolism, a words sound represents its meaning.C. The research reveals the similarities between different langua

23、ges.D. The result of the research is not fully accepted by scientists.押题速练3Bilinguals are smarter, says science. But the idea is relatively new. Up until the 1970s, most educators had believed that learning two languages at the same time would confuse children and slow their cognitive growth.Science

24、 disagreed with these opinions, says Ellen Bialystok, a professor of psychology. The arrival of newtechnology in the 1970s allowed scientists a new way to investigate how different brains process language.Bialystok has been researching the bilingual brain for decades. She firmly believes bilinguals

25、arent smarter than the single-language learners, but bilingual brains differ in their use of executive function-a system that both helps the brain access particular regions or memories and allows a person to switch between tasks.Contrary to media reports, executive function is not the same as intell

26、igence, Bialystok adds. Even if the relationship between bilingualism and actual intelligence is unclear, executive function can help people do a lot of things that may make them seem smarter, such as doing more things at the same time and cancelling out things that take their attention away.Many pe

27、ople believe that knowing at least one other language makes it easier to learn a new one, and cognitive function may play a part in that-the equivalent of good study habits for your brain. But Bialystok thinks cognitive function has less impact on language learners than the similarities between lang

28、uages9 structure and vocabulary. In learning those patterns, you can get a bit of a free ride in learning a new language,she says. Despite the overall cognitive benefits, bilingualism may present some disadvantages. When children learn vocabulary, monolinguals can spend more time remembering words i

29、n one language, while bilinguals have to construct two different vocabularies.“The biggest advantage in being bilingual is the same as having great international friends: It allows a person to understand a different way of thinking, with unique philosophies and assumptions about how others see the w

30、orld,“ Bialystok adds.1. What did most educators think of childrens bilingualism before the 1970s?A.It surely made kids smarter.B.It could be a terrible experience.C.It should be taught separately.D.It may promote cognitive growth.2. What can make learning a new language easy according to Bialystok?

31、A.Executive function.B.Cognitive function.C. Similar language patterns.D. Good study habits.3. What is Bialystoks attitude toward bilingualism?A. Skeptical.B. Conservative.4. Which could be the best title for the text?A. Are bilinguals really smarter?C. Why do bilinguals have an advantage?C. Toleran

32、t.D. Objective.B. Should kids learn another language?D. What factors affect language learning?押题速练4“In English, my speech is very polite, with a relaxed tone, always saying please and excuse me., When I speak Greek, I start talking more rapidly, with a tone of anxiety and in a kind of rude way.“If t

33、he words resonate （共鸣）with you, youve probably already experienced the surprising, odd phenomenon of feeling like having different personalities when speaking different languages. How is that possible? Could it be that bilinguals （双语者）change their personality when they change language? After all, th

34、e Czech proverb does say,“Learn a new language and get a new soul.”In my book on bilingualism, Life with Two Languages, I noted first of all that monocultural (单文化 的)bilinguals who make up the majority of bilinguals in the world are not really affected by this phenomenon. Although bi-or multilingual

35、, they are in fact members of just one culture. But what about bicultural bilinguals? I proposed that what is seen as a change in personality is most probably simply a shift in attitudes and behaviors that correspond to a shift in situation or context, independent of language. Basically, the bicultu

36、ral bilinguals in academic studies were behaving bicultural, that is, adapting to the context they were in. Different contexts and domains trigger different impressions, attitudes and behaviors.Imagine the way we speak to a best friend and the behavior that we adopt. Then, think of how all this chan

37、ges when we are speaking the same language to a superior (e. g. a school head, religious authority or employer). We behave differently and sometimes change attitudes and feelings even though the language is the same. The same is true for bilinguals except that here the language may be different. It

38、is the environment, the culture, and the people one talks to that cause bicultural bilinguals to change attitudes, feelings and behaviors (along with language)-and not their language as such. In essence, there does not seem to be a direct causal relationship between language and personality.1. What

39、function does the first paragraph serve?A. To support the writers argument.B. To introduce the topic of the text.C. To present a general knowledge fact.D. To provide background information.2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The meaning of bilingual study.B. Cultural influence on languages.C , At

40、titude and proper behavior.D. The truth of personality shift”.3. How would the writer probably explain the speakers behavior in paragraph 1?A. His fluency in English is not as great as that of Greek.B. His personality is affected by the language he uses.C. He speaks English where manners are expecte

41、d.D. He speaks Greek when he talks to his superiors.4. Bicultural bilinguals change attitudes when they. A. change their languagesB. change their behaviorC. are in search of social statusD. are in different situations押题速练5I met the last speaker of Naati on an empty beach on Malekula, an island in Va

42、nuatu. I told the man, Ariep, that I was in the country to study one of its native languages. When he learned I was a linguist（语言学家）,he excitedly shared that he speaks Naati.Ariep explained the relationship between Naati and the other languages of the area. With a mix of pride and sorrow, he reveale

43、d that he is the last fluent speaker of Naati. Although a few of his family members have some knowledge of the language and make an effort to use it together, he fears that with his death, Naati will soon disappear. Naatfs situation is not unique. Of the about 7000 languages spoken on the planet tod

44、ay, 50% to 90% are considered vulnerable（脆弱的）to extinction by the end of the century.Languages are an invaluable source of culture. Understanding different languages is vital to understanding human cognition（认知）.A world with diverse languages benefits us all. Each language is a piece of the puzzle t

45、hat we need in order to determine how language works in the mind. With each missing piece, we are further from seeing the full picture.There are enough commonalities among language systems. In terms of sentence structure, all languages use the three basic elements: subject, object, and verb. Althoug

46、h these can be ordered in different ways, about 80% of known languages put the subject first, while only about 1% put the object first. Analyzing these patterns has real impacts for our lives. The more we understand about how language functions, the better equipped we are to improve our therapies fo

47、r communication disorders.However, taking into account all languages is a huge challenge. Many languages are in danger of disappearing before they have been documented, taking with them irreplaceable information about human culture. For the sake of the speakers of endangered languages, for the sake

48、of us all, we must preserve the worlds languages as we search for answers and work to ensure language diversity for generations to come.1. What do we know about Ariep?A. He is desperate to leave Malekula.B. He is good at speaking many foreign languages.C. He is devoted to studying endangered languages.D. He is concerned about the disappearance of Naati.2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A. The influence of human cognition on languages.B. Means to break down language barriers.C Reasons for the extinction of languages.D. The significance of language diversity.3. Why does