高考阅读理解训练之猜测语义中学教育高考英语_外语学习-英语阅读.pdf

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1、学习必备 欢迎下载 高考阅读理解训练之猜测词义 猜测语义题是近年的高考阅读理解中比较常见的题型，通常在一套试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的.这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力。常见的设问方式：1.The underlined word“”probably means _.2.The word“”used in paragraph“”refers to/suggests_.3.The phrase“”in the sentence can be replaced by _.4.Which of the following is the c

2、losest in meaning to the word“”?5.What is the meaning of the underlined word in paragraph“”?6.By saying“”,we mean_.7.What do you think of the expression“”stands for?8.The meaning of word“”in the passage is related to_.猜词规律探寻：一定义或解释推测语义 阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普文体文章中的生词，往往在其后对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如 to be,that

3、is,mean,stand for,namely,to refer to,to mean,in the other words 等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括号来表示。Ex.1 Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels,or struggling with their ballalators through the scribe.These words,which I have just made up,have to stand for things and ideas tha

4、t we simply can t think of.Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to_.A.tools used in farming B.ideas about modern life C.unknown things in the future D.hunting skills in the Stone Age 解析：C。从下文的定语从句“which I have just made up”及“stand for things and ideas that we simply can t think of.

5、”可知。这和选项 C 中的“unknown”最为接近。Ex 2.Where a composer(作曲家)begins,how he manages to keep goingin fact,how and where he learns his tradeall are covered in complete darkness.The composer,in short,is a man of mystery(神秘).The words“covered in complete darkness”underlined in Paragraph 1.most probably mean_.A.d

6、ifficult to be made B.without any light C.black in color D.not known 解析：D。根据下文的解释“The composer,in short,is a man of mystery.”（作曲家，简言之，就是一个神秘的人）可知，划线部分的含义是“不为人所知，隐藏在黑暗中的”。二利用例证猜测语义 某些阅读文章为了证实或说明某一观点，常会举一些例子，而且时时会用一些标志性语言或标点符号来引出，如：括号、破折号、冒号等或诸如 for example,for instance,such as,and so on,just as,like,

7、similarity 等连接词或词组。Ex 3.学习必备 欢迎下载 The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental offers a wide variety of choices -deluxe sedans，minivans，station wagons，coaches，Santana sedans are the big favorite.The words“deluxe sedans”，“minivans”and“station wagons”used in the text refers to _.A、cars in the

8、making B、car rental firms C、cars for rent D、car makers 三利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义（1）利用反义关系推测语义 有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词，或者表转折意义的连词，词组等，抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义。标志词有 although,but,however,whereas(反之),nevertheless(然而，不过)，on the contrary,in contrast（相对）,on the one hand,on the other hand,for one thing,for another,instead(of),

9、rather than 等。（2）利用同义关系推测语义 通常情况下，英语忌讳实词重复。避免重复的方法之一是利用同义词或近义词加以代替。同义词替换的修饰方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。标志词有：or,like,similarly 等。eg.Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs？The answer is“Yes”，according to the researchers at John Hopkins and three other medical centers.In Science/Health，“John

10、 Hopkins”is_.A、a famous university B、a medical center C、a well-known doctor D、a drug company 解析：从 according to the researchers at John Hopkins and three other medical centers可推知，John Hopkins 属于 medical center范畴，故 John Hopkins 应当是 a medical center，答案为 B。Ex 4.The gunners like to describe what they do

11、as character-building,but we knew that to wound an animal and watch it go through the agony of dying can make nobody happy.The underlined word“agony”in the last paragraph probably means_.A.form B.condition C.pain D.sadness 虽然持枪猎杀动物的人把他们的所作所为吹嘘为性格的培养，但是看到动物死亡时经历的痛苦，任何人都高兴不起来。因此，通过 but 的转折关系和第二分句中先受伤后

12、经历死亡的并列关系可以推测出 C 为最佳答案。Ex 5.Most women in Ghana the educated and illiterate,the urban and rural,the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers.Their reputation for economic independence,self-reliance,and hard work is well known and well dese

13、rved.Q:Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“illiterate”?A.repeat B.reiterated C.uneducated D.sick Ex 6 A childs birthday party doesnt have hassle;it can be a basket of fun，according to Beth Anaclerio，an Evaston mother of two，ages 4 and 18 months.What does the underline

14、d word“hassle”(Paragraph 1)probably mean？A、a party designed by specialists B、a plan requiring careful thought 试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力突出考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力常见的设问方式猜词规律探寻一定义或解释推测语义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导现或用破折号括号来表示解析从下文的定语从句及知这和选项中的最为接近作曲家神秘解析根据下文的解释作曲家简言之就是一个神秘的人知划线部分的含义是不为人所知隐藏在黑暗中的二利用例证猜测

15、语义某些阅读文章为了证实接词或词组学习必备欢迎下载三利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义利用反义关系推测语义有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词或者表转折意义的连词词组等抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义标志词有反之然而不过相对等学习必备 欢迎下载 C、a situation causing difficulty or trouble D、a demand made by guest 解析：文中先说孩子的生日聚会不“hassle”，后面紧接着对比说“it can be a basket of fun”，显然 hassle 与 fun 在意义上是相反的，因此可推知答案为 C，“麻烦，费力之事”。四用

16、语境猜测语义（1）利用“小”上下文推测词义，即利用生词附近的内容推断生词词义。（2）利用“大”上下文推测词义，即利用距离生词较远的内容，如整个段落、篇章等来推断生词词义。Ex.7 Finally although some social science majors may still find it more difficult than their technically trained classmates to land the first job，recent graduates report that they dont regret their choice of study.T

17、he underlined word“land”in the last paragraph probably means_.A、keep for some time B、successfully get C、immediately start D、lose regretfully 解析：land 的宾语是 the first job，根据词义搭配，可以推断 land 的含义应该是得到 Ex.8 In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world s greates

18、t mathematical 17th century,the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds,including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem,and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique.Which of the following best expl

19、ains the meaning of the word“baffle”as it is used in the text?A.To encourage people to raise questions.B.To cause difficulty in understanding.C.To provide a person with an explanation.D.To limit people s imagination.分析：从短文中对 Fermat s Last Theorem 一书的介绍中有 the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest

20、 mathematical minds 一句，句中两个并列的谓语动词 baffled 和 beaten,意义相同，加强语气，从 beat 的本意就可以猜测出 baffled 为“使（某人）困惑，难倒”。Ex.9 Today when many tend to worry more about their own happiness,Houng s deeds remind us of what we usually neglect:love and care for others.Without these,none of us could survive.Houng turned down

21、donations from others.He said he felt encouraged by kind offers,but he could depend on his own work.Q:The underlined word“donation”in Paragraph 3 probably means _.A.invitation to give a speech B.something,especially given to help others C.questions asked by interviewers D.chances to be a hero 分析：由本段

22、可以看出：洪家里很穷，但他拒绝别人对他的“donation”，他说他很感谢人们好心的馈赠，但他能够靠打工的钱来养活自己和妹妹，由此可以判断出 donation 和后文的 offer，是近义词，也是馈赠之意。五利用构词法猜测语义 掌握前后缀规律，如 un-,im-,in-,dis-,il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词；后缀-ful,-ly,-ism,-ness等可改换词性。而合成词要在正确理解两词的基础上，结合上下文把握两词之间的关系，猜测词义；而对词义的转化，也要求结合上下文来猜测。Ex.10 试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力突出

23、考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力常见的设问方式猜词规律探寻一定义或解释推测语义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导现或用破折号括号来表示解析从下文的定语从句及知这和选项中的最为接近作曲家神秘解析根据下文的解释作曲家简言之就是一个神秘的人知划线部分的含义是不为人所知隐藏在黑暗中的二利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实接词或词组学习必备欢迎下载三利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义利用反义关系推测语义有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词或者表转折意义的连词词组等抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义标志词有反之然而不过相对等学习必备 欢迎下载 Without examinations,employers wi

24、ll look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them?A form of favoritism will replace equality.Q:The word“favoritism”in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that_.A.bright children also need certification to get satisfying jobs B.children from well-respe

25、cted schools tend to have good jobs C.poor children with certification are favored in job markets D.children attending ordinary schools achieve great success Ex.11 The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in time.It is true that light houses were built in out of the wa

26、y places,but on a pleasant sunny summer day.This very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience.The underlined phrase“out-of-the-way”in Paragraph 4 means_.A.far-away B.dangerous C.ancient D.secret 解析：由合成词的原意 out of the way 以及下句中的 isolation 一词可知“灯截在一个孤零零的地方”。六因果关系猜测词义 常见

27、的因果信号词有：as a result,for,thus,because,for this reason,so,since,consequently,so that,so/suchthat 等。Ex.12 She did not hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading.Not hear what you said concentrate/focus her attention on Since I have finished my paper now,I am going to give my

28、self a treat tonight.I am going to watch a movie on campus,an action movie called“Face Off”.Q:The underlined words“a treat”here means _.A.an action movie B.something pleasant to enjoy C.a rest D.something nice to eat 七.利用文化背景、生活常识猜测词义 Ex.13 Rainforests like the Amazon are important for mopping up CO

29、2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming.The underlined phrase“mopping up”in the second paragraph means _.A.cleaning up B.taking in C.wiping out D.giving up 分析：由常识可知，雨林可以“吸收”空气中 CO2。所以 mop up 意为“吸收、吸纳”，故选 B。另外根据下文 Currently the trees in the Amazon take in around 500 million tones of

30、CO2 each year 也可推知答案。Ex.14 Mark got on the motorbike,I sat behind him on the pillion,and we roared off into the night.Q:The word“pillion”in this sentence probably means _.A.an object used for sleeping B.a bay on which on can rest C.a seat for second person on a motorcycle D.a place for sitting Ex.15

31、 One of Britain s bravest woman told yesterday how she helped to catch suspected police Killer David Bieber and was thanked with flowers by the police.It was also said she could be in line for a 试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力突出考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力常见的设问方式猜词规律探寻一定义或解释推测语义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导现或用破

32、折号括号来表示解析从下文的定语从句及知这和选项中的最为接近作曲家神秘解析根据下文的解释作曲家简言之就是一个神秘的人知划线部分的含义是不为人所知隐藏在黑暗中的二利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实接词或词组学习必备欢迎下载三利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义利用反义关系推测语义有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词或者表转折意义的连词词组等抓住这些可以帮助我们推断生词语义标志词有反之然而不过相对等学习必备 欢迎下载 share of up to30,000 reward money.Q:The underlined phrase“be in line for”in paragraph 1 mean

33、s _.A.get B.be paid C.ask for D.own 八熟词生义 猜测熟词的陌生意义通常有三种情况：（1）该熟词在新的具体语境中有了和原来考生所熟悉的意义不同的意思；（2）考查一些代词的指代现象；（3）新词在新的语境中变换了词性。eg.1.New York,10 November,5:27 p.m.,yesterday.Biggest power failure in the city s history.A.enough B.not passing C.lack of D.lack 分析：failure 是 fail 变来的名词，有“失败；失败者；失败的事”的意思。本句 p

34、ower failure可翻译为“停电”。再如：crop failure“庄稼欠收”；heart failure“心力衰竭”。2.A bike tour and race will be held in August 26 and 27.At 5:30 a.m.,the riders will leave Tian an Men square and ride the first 35 kilometers as a training leg.Then the next 55 kilometers from Yanjiao to Jixian,will be the first competi

35、tive part for the tour.A.race B.practice C.part of the training D.part of the tour 分析：从 first 35 kilometers 可看出，自行车赛车手从天安门出发，开始的三十五公里作为赛程的一部分，从后句legwill be part of the tour 也可确定答案为 D。3.“No crime whatsoever?”comments Mahoney today.“I just don t buy it.”Nor should he:in 1999 the U.S.Department of Educ

36、ation had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses.The underlined word“buy”in the third paragraph means_.A.mind B.admit C.believe D.expect 解析：buy 在此处意为“相信”。从本段第一句话可知，作者持怀疑态度。后面列举的 400,000这个数字也表示出作者的不信任。高考实战训练：A Parents and kids today dress alike,listen to the same music,and

37、 are friends.Is this a good thing?Sometimes,when Mr.Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter,Elizabeth,listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy,such as pop culture,he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager.“I would never have said to my m

38、om,Hey,the new Weezer album is really great.How do you like it?”says Ballmer.“There was just a complete gap in taste.”Music was not the only gulf.From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations,earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits.Today,th

39、e generation gap has not disappeared,but it is getting narrow in many families.Conversations on subjects such as sex and drugs would not have taken place a generation ago.Now they are comfortable and common.And parent child activities,from shopping to sports,involve a feeling of trust and friendship

40、 that can continue into adulthood.No wonder greeting cards today carry the message,“To my mother,my best friend.”But family experts warn that the new equality can also result in less respect for parents.“Theres still a lot of strictness and authority on the part of parents out there,but there is a c

41、hange happening,”试题中有二至三个小题是直接考查语义猜测的这种题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力突出考查大家对语境的分析和把握能力常见的设问方式猜词规律探寻一定义或解释推测语义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导现或用破折号括号来表示解析从下文的定语从句及知这和选项中的最为接近作曲家神秘解析根据下文的解释作曲家简言之就是一个神秘的人知划线部分的含义是不为人所知隐藏在黑暗中的二利用例证猜测语义某些阅读文章为了证实接词或词组学习必备欢迎下载三利用反义关系或同义关系推测语义利用反义关系推测语义有些生词的后面往往会出现一个或几个反义词或者表转折意义的连词词组等抓住这些可以帮助我

42、们推断生词语义标志词有反之然而不过相对等学习必备 欢迎下载 says Kerrie,a psychology professor at Lebanon Valley College.“In the middle of that change,there is a lot of confusion among parents.”Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes.They see the 1960s as a turning point.Great cultura

43、l changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say.“My parents were on the before side of that change,but today s parents,the 40-year-olds,were on the after side,”explains Mr.Ballmer.“Its not something easily accomplished by parents these da

44、ys,because life is more difficult to understand or deal with,but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”(08 广东 A)41.The underlined word“gulf”in Para.3 most probably means _.A.interest B.distance C.difference D.separation 41.C 词义推测题。由上文(特别是 gap)和下句(特别是 separate orbits)可知，上几代的父母与他

45、们的小孩不只是在音乐爱好方面有“差异”，而且有从发型、衣着，到活动、期望等各方面，都有很大的差异。B How should one invest a sum of money in these clays of inflation(通货膨胀)?Left in a bank it will hardly keep its value,however high the interest rate.Only a brave man,or a very rich one,dares to buy and sell on the Stock Market.Today it seems that one

46、of the best ways to protect your savings,and even increase your wealth is to buy beautiful objects from the past.Here I am going to offer some advice on collecting antique clocks,which I personally consider are among the most interesting of antiques.I sometimes wonder what a being from another plane

47、t might report back about our way of life.The planet Earth is ruled by a mysterious creature that sits or stands in a room and makes a strange ticking sound.It has a face with twelve black marks and two hands.Men can do nothing without its permission,and it fastens its young round peoples wrists so

48、that everywhere men go they are still under its control.This creature is the real master of Earth and men are its slaves.Whether or not we are slaves of time today depends on our culture and personality,but it is believed that many years ago kings kept special slaves to tell the time.Certain men wer

49、e very clever at measuring the time of clay according to the beating of their own hearts.They were made to stand in a fixed place and every hour or so would shout tire time.So it seems that the first clocks were human beings.However,men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the

50、time.They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun.They marked the hours on candles,used sand in hour-glasses,and invented water-clocks.Indeed,any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces,stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clock