大学英语语法虚拟语气外语学习语法 _外语学习-语法 .pdf

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1、学习好资料 欢迎下载 虚拟语气 1.I wish(that 可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2.He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3.You wished she would arrive the next day.(would+arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)Subjunctive Mood作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式，仅是古英语遗留下来的残余。它仅有两个形式，即 be 型虚拟式和 were 型虚

2、拟式。Be 型虚拟-be 型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的，不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用原形，如动词为被动态，则助动词 be 也用原形。其主要用法如下：1)用于表命令、决定、建议、坚持等词语之后的 that 分句中 这一用法又分三种情况：a)用在 decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote等动词之后的 that 分句中.（宾语从句）在 expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should 动词

3、原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。He ordered that all the books be sent at once.He ordered that all the books be sent at once.we propose that somebody neutral take the chair.She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday.b)用在 advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossi

4、ble,necessary,obligatory,proper等形容词之后的 that 分句中。（主语从句）It is essential that all the facts be examined first.It was appropriate that thisi tax be abolished.I thousht it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.c)用在 decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词之后的 that 分句中。

5、The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.Their decision was that the school remain closed.在这一用法中 be 型虚拟式能与“should+不定式”交替使用，也能与 to-不定式交替使用。He ordered that the books be sent at once.=He ordered that the books should be sent

6、at onc.=He ordered that the books to be sent at once.2）用于由 if,though 等引导的分句中.学习好资料 欢迎下载 be 型虚拟式能用于由 if,though,whatever,lest,so long as lest,for fear that,in case so that,in order that 等引导的分句中表推测、让步、防备等含义。If he be found guilty,Jonh shall have the right of appeal.Though everyone desert you,I will not.

7、Quitly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.上述用法现在只限于书面体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用 should/may+不定式。Whatever hisdefense maybe,we can t tolerate this disloyalty.3）用于某些公式化语句中 be 型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!God damn you!So be it.(但愿如此吧)Were 型虚拟-W

8、ere 型虚拟语气只有一种形式，即无论主语是什么人称，动词一律用 were，如 I were，you were，如果动词为进行体或被动态，其助动词也一律用 were，如 I were going，you were going，I were sent，you were sent 1）用于某些状语从句 如 if,if only,as if,as though,though引导的条件状语和让步状语从句，表示非真是的条件或让步。If I were you,I should wait till next week.If only I were not so nervous.He behaves as t

9、hough he were better than us.2）用于某些名词性从句 如 wish,would rather,suppose,imagine 之后的 that分句中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的事)I wish it were spring all the year round.Id rather I were not at the site of the accident.Suppose the earth were flat.上述 were 型虚拟式在第一三人称单数主语之后可为 was 所取代。If it was to rain,the game would be put

10、 off.If only I was not so nervous.但是，在 if I were you 这一分句中，通常不用 was。另外在某些倒装句结构中只用 were，不用 was。Were I to do it=（if I were to do it），I should rely on you.还有在 as it were（作 so to speak 解，即“宛如”好比”）结构中也只用 were，不用 was He is my best friend，my second felf,as it were.假设意义表示法综述 1）用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义 a)It is(high,a

11、bout)time that It is time that we went(或 should go)to bed.你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不

12、定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 Its about time that we put an end to this controversy.b)I would rather/would sooner/would as soon/would just as soon(that)you/he/they Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.c)if only If only I knew what you

13、 wanted.If only he had arrived in time,he would not have been punished.d)as if,as though It seems as if it were spring.现在好像是春天似的。She appeared as if she had known nothing about it.她看上去对此一无所知。as if,as though 结构中如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去时时态。It looks as if it is going to rain.e)I wish(that)I wish I remembered th

14、e address.I wish 与 I hope 都表示“希望”但 I hope 并不表示假设意义其后很少用过去时时态。I hope you are ready.用情态助动词过去时时态表示假设意义 最常见于条件句和含蓄条件句 a）用于条件句（若 if 省略要用到装）If she were younger,she would do it.去 If：Were she younger,she would do it.(把动词 were 移到主语 she 的前面)If he had tried it,he could have done it.去 If：Had he tried it,he coul

15、d have done it.(把 had 移到主语 he 的前面)Were I a bird,I could fly freely.如果虚拟条件句中有 were,had 或 should 时，把它们放在 if 的位置上；但是如果条件句中没有 were,had 或 should 不能用倒装。如：Should it rain tomorrow,what should we do?要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢？Were I you,I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。在“开放式条件句”(open conditional c

16、lause)和让步状语从句中若 should 是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果 if 省略，动词 be 与主语的位置要倒装。如：If any person be guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to appeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Be any person guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to appeal.Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my unanswering support.(不管她对

17、与错，我都会支持她)Be she right or wrong,she will have my unanswering support.注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来 if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise,or,without,but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。We didnt know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.Without y ou help,I wouldnt have achieved so much.But for your help,I would not hav

18、e succeeded.有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化

19、语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 I could help you.(只有主句）If I had time.(只有从句）b）用于含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表示出来，只暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫做储蓄条件句。常见的有 but,for,without 等引导的短语，以及 or,or else,otherwise,but 等分句。But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验室是不会成功的。We could h

20、ave done better under more favourable conditions.在更有利的条件下，我们能够做得更好些。What would I have done without you?如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)I would appreciate a little of your time.谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含 if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldnt know.

21、你不会知道。I would like to come.我愿意来。c)用于其他语境 以 whatever,whoever,no matter what 这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时,谓语多用may 加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have,he is an honest man.Come what may,we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况,我们都要干下去.混合条件句-主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气 If you had taken your medicine yesterday,you would be quite all right no

22、w.如果你昨天吃了药的话，现在就已经痊愈了。(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反。其他例子 That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock.(竟然)Would that the flood might never come again.（但愿）=If only the the flood might never come again.To think that he would marry such a nastty woman.(竟然)1、Its already six oclock now.Dont you

23、 think its about time_?A)we are going home B)we go home C)we went home D)we can go home 你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上

24、述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 2、If only the committee_the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A)approve B)will approve C)can approve D)would approve 3、Its necessary_the dictionary immediately.A)that he will

25、return B)that he returned C)that he return D)that he has to return 4、She must have had an accident,or he_then.A)would have been here B)had to be here C)should be here D)would be here 5、I apologize if I _you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A)offended B)had offended C)should have offended D)migh

26、t have offended 6、Our idea is that the match_.A)would put off B)ought to put off C)be put off D)could put off 7、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_to its burning temperature.A)is beated B)will be heated C)be heated D)would be heated 8、That tree looked as if it _for a long time.A

27、)hasnt watered B)didnt water C)hadnt been watered D)w asnt watered 9、The business of each day,_selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.A)it being B)be it C)was it D)it was 10、Jean wishes that he_that house last spring.A)bought B)had bought C)buys 你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古

28、英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 D)were to buy 11、I wish I _l

29、onger this morning,but I had to get up and come to class.A)could have slept B)slept C)might have slept D)have slept 12、Id just as soon you _those important papers with you.A)dose not take B)not to take C)had not taked D)did not take 13、Id rather you_m ake any comment on the issue for the time being.

30、A)dont B)wouldnt C)didnt D)shouldnt 14、It is vital that enough money_ to fund the project.A)be collected B)must be collected C)is collected D)can be collected 15、It is recommended that the project_until all the preparations have been made.A)is not started B)will not be started C)is not to be started

31、 D)not be started 16、The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_afeter 10:30 p.m.A)couldnt play loud music B)dont play loud music C)shou ldnt play loud music D)not to play loud music 17、_right now,she would get there on Sunday.A)Would she leave B)If she leaves C)Were she to leave D)If she h

32、ad left 18、_for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.A)Not being B)Had it not been C)Without being D)Not having been 19、We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we _him.A)would have telephoned B)must have telephoned 你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型

33、虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 C)would telephone D)had telephoned 20、A safety analysis

34、_the target as a potential dandger Unfortunately,it was never done.A)would identify B)will identify C)would have identified D)will have identified 21、If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you_now.A)couldnt have smiled B)wouldnt be smiling C)didnt smile D)wont smile 22、_for the

35、 timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.A)Had it not been B)Were it not C)Be it not D)Should it not be 23、If he knew this,it_be by accident.A)would have to B)didnt to C)wont have to D)woud have had to 24。If the whole operation_beforehand,a great deal

36、of time and money would have been lost.A)was not planned B)has not been planned C)had not been planned D)were not planned 25、Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.A)has to get B)were to get C)had got D)cou

37、ld have got 解析：1、答案选 C)。在 its about time that.句型中，定语从句的谓语动词应用过去时来表示虚拟语气。所以 C 项是正确的。2、答案选 D)。if only 表示一种愿望，谓语用“would+动词原形”表示对将来事实的愿望，所以 D 是正确的。3、答案选 C)。在由 it is necessary 等引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或动词原形。4、答案选 A)。由 or 引出的是与事实相反的假设条件，因此空缺处应填入表示虚拟语气的谓语动词。前一个分句中表示的是过去的时间，所以后一分句要用 would have

38、 done 的形式。你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟

39、语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 所以 A 是正确的。5、答案选 B)。本题中 but 分句中的 it was 表明事情发生在过去，因此条件句应用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反，所以 B 是正确的。6 答案选 C)。根据虚拟语气的语法要求,that 从句中的动词用动词原形或“should+动词原形”的形式。所以 C 为正确选项。7、答案选 C)。requirement 后接一表语从句，从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”的形式来构成虚拟语气，四个选项中只有 C 符合。句意：产生火的必要条件之一是物质被加热到它的燃点。8、答案选 C)。as if 引导一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟

40、语气的句子。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，所以 as if 后虚拟语气的谓语动词要用过去完成时，所以 C 是正确的。9、答案选 B)。be it selling goods or shipping them 是表示让步意义的虚拟倒装句，它是由whether it(might)be selling goods or shipping them这个句子省略 whether 后再将 be 移至主语之前得来的。其它几项均不符合句子结构。句意：无论是售货还是运货，每天的业务都很不错。10、选 B。主句的谓语动词是 wish 时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望。从本题的时间状语 l

41、ast spring 可知，表示的是过去的愿望。因此从句应用于过去完成时表示，所以选 B。11、选 A。从句中时间 this morning 可知，本题表示对过去发生的事情表示遗憾，宾语从句的谓语须用过去完成时或 could have done 形式来表示虚拟语气，所以 A 项为正确答案。12、选 D。would just as soon 的宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时来表示虚拟语气，符合语法规则的只有 D 项。13、选 C。for the time being 意为”目前”，表示现在的时间，因些 would rather 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，要求从句使用过去时来表示虚拟语气，其否定形式为

42、“didnt+动词原形”。所以 C 为正确答案 14、选 A)。本题中 vital 后的主语从句用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，省略了 should，来构成从句的谓语，符合语法规则，为正确答案。15、选 D)。动词 recommend 表示“建议”，其后的宾语从句须用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，should 可以省略。所以 C 为正确答案。16、选 C)。在本题中，动词 request 后的宾语从句用”should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，并且是否定形式。17、答案选 C。从句子结构可知，本题是表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气。主句的谓语是“should+动词原形”。同

43、时，从句省略了连词 if,可以将 were 提前，构成倒装。只以 C 符合语法规则。本题意思：如果她马上动身的话，她可能在星期天到达那里。18、选 B。从句子结构可知，空缺处应填入表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句，并且将连词 if 省略。此时应把虚拟语气的谓语动词提前。符合语法规则的只有 B 项。19、选 A。本题中 otherwise 引出的是一种与事实相反的假设条件，后面的句子应用虚拟语气。前一分句暗示了一个过去的时间，所以用不着 would have done 的形式，相当于 If we had known his telephone number,we would have telep

44、honed him.20、选 C。根据 unfortunately 后面直接陈述一个过去的事实，可以推断出第一个句子里含有一种“应该做某事而没有做的”虚拟条件。C 项用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，正合题意。B、D 不是虚拟语气。21、选 B。从主句的时间状语 now 以及从句的谓语可知，本题为一错综时间虚拟语气，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在情况相反，故 B 项为正确答案。你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情

45、况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语学习好资料 欢迎下载 22、选 A。根据本题句意逻辑，条件从句的行为发生在主句之前，须用过去时的虚拟语气形式，故 A 项为正确答案。同时，它是由把 if 省略，助动词提前而形成倒装。B、C、D 三项

46、均不合题意。本题句意是：要不是能及时从社会获得投资，我们公司也不会像现在这样繁荣了。23、选 D。由从句的谓语可知，本题为一错综时间虚拟语气，从句表示与现在事实相反的假设，主句则表示与过去事实相反的设想。故 D 项为正确答案。本句题意：假如他已知此事，那一定是偶然的 24 答案 C。由主句的谓语动词 would have been lost 可以判断，本题考查的是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的用法，if 引导的从句须用过去完成时，故 C 项为正确答案。本句题意是：如果整个手术不提前安排的话，那就要浪费大量的时间和金钱。25、答案 B。because 引导的原因状语从句中有一个虚拟结构，if 条

47、件从句谓语动词的时态应与 wouldnt be able to 对应，表示与将来事实相反的虚拟，条件从句的谓语应用 should 或were to+动词原形，因此 B 项正确。本题句意是：吉恩并不想马上去上班，因为好考虑到一旦上班，她很可能不能经常见到她的朋友们。你希望她第二天会到事实上她还没到作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式仅是古英语遗留下来的残余它仅有两个形式即型虚拟式和型虚拟式型虚拟型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的不管主语是什么人称动词一律用原形如情况用在等动词之后的分句中宾语从句在等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中我们经常用动词原形或完成形式表示惊奇怀疑不满等用在等形容词之后的分句中主语从句用在句中在这一用法中型虚拟式能与不定式交替使用也能与推测让步防备等含义上述用法现在只限于书面体在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用不定式用于某些公式化语句中型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿诅咒禁止等意义但愿如此吧型虚拟型虚拟语气只有一种形式即无论主语