电子商务及其对物流的影响外文翻译外语学习翻译基础知识_高等教育-大学课件.pdf

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1、电子商务及其对物流的影响外文翻译 外文翻译 原文 E-commercial and consequences for the logistics industry Material Source:/0.Author:Kenth Lumsden Distribution development within e-commerce 1.1 Conventional distribution In conventional international distribution,goods pass through several nodes,or stops,before reaching the

2、customer,see Figure 3.After production,and possibly storage at the factory,the goods are delivered to the national distribution center DC.Here they are stored,consolidated and reloaded,and then sent on to the next stop,the local DC.The goods are handled in the sameway as at the national DC,and are t

3、hereafter sent on to the retailer,where they are sold to the customer.Since most of the time that goods spend at nodes does not add value,the more nodes there are in a distribution channel the less efficient it generally is Lumsden,1998.The point where the goods change from being delivered to stock

4、to being delivered to order is called the customer order point COP.In conventional distribution,the COPis at the retailer,where the customers order and buy the products.This is called a push system since the company predicts the demand and the goods are pushed through the distribution channel Coyle

5、et al.,1996.With e-commerce there are several possibilities for new ways of distributing goods,and presumably there will be different ways of distribution for different types of goods.Time will be of great importance when deciding on what type of distribution model to use.The faster and more direct

6、flow of information on the Internet will make it possible to skip one or more nodes in the distribution channel and thereby increase delivery speed.For example,in the future products might be delivered to the customer directly from the producer or from a national distribution warehouse.One likely sc

7、enario is that customers will have the possibility to choose how quickly they want their products delivered.The more the customers are willing to pay,the faster they can receive their products,and the distribution models will then be different according to the lead time allowed.1.2 Distribution stru

8、ctures for Internet buying Along with the entry and expansion of e-commerce,it will be possible and necessary to makelarge changes in companies distribution processes.This is because the COP will be moved upstream in the distribution channel,in somecases all the way up to the producing company.Conse

9、quently,the distribution process can be simplified to consist only的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多

10、的配送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物and from here transported to the retailer ICA i by either full truckloads or less than system for of direct distribution from the producing companyto the customer.Several different distribution channels can be seen as possible futu

11、re solutions,see Figure 4.The base alternative is the conventional distribution,which is described earlier in the section about conventional distribution.An example from the food industry could be that the food producer is located in France,from where the groceries are shipped in full truckloads or

12、trains to a national distribution center DClocated somewherein southern Sweden or in Denmark,e.g.Dancargo s national warehouse at Arendal,Denmark.In the DC the groceries are stored,reloaded and consolidated with other products and later shipped on to a local DCin full truckloads.This DC can for exam

13、ple be ICA V?st,located in Kung?lv,Sweden.At ICA V?st the goods are again stored,reloaded and consolidated full truckloads.Customers then purchase the groceries at ICA i.1.3 Distribution Channels The first alternative for a simpler distribution e-commerce products is to remove the retailer and distr

14、ibute goods directly from local warehouses to customer.This is called homedelivery,and an example of this situation could be the purchasing of tulips over the Internet.The tulips are grown in the Netherlands and are shipped to a national DC in Sweden in refrigerated trucks,since the goods are perish

15、able.In this warehouse the tulips are consolidated into smaller 的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配

16、送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物consignments and then transported to the retailers,for example an Interflora store.The customer now places an order at the Interflora store over the Internet,and the florist arranges the bouquet.The flowers are then distributed to th

17、e customers,either in Interflora sown vehicles or in a courier s van.Another possible alternative is to remove the local warehouse from the distribution channel and use the postal service to distribute the goods from the national warehouse to the customer.This is called mail-order shopping and works

18、 as follows.Using an example from the clothing trade,clothes are manufactured in Asia and transported to a national DC in Bor?s in Sweden.The customer places an order over the Internet to the mail order company,and the clothes are packed in parcels.These parcels are then distributed to the local pos

19、t office by the national postal service,and are finally delivered to the customer by the mail man.A third alternative is to distribute goods from the national distribution centers to the c ustomers.A good example here is Tamro s distribution of incontinence protection articles for elderly people.The

20、 products are produced in Germanyand transported to Tamros national DC in B?ckebol,G?teborg.There they are stored and packed,and finally distributed directly to the customers by Schenker-BTL.The last alternative is to have direct distribution from the producing company to the final customer.This cou

21、ld,for example,be the distribution of tailor-made clothes by 的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配送链中

22、的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物the company Tailor online.The customers state their measurements and place an order over the Internet.The order is then sent to the factory in Estonia where the garments are produced and packed in parcels.The finished products are distr

23、ibuted to the customer by mail.Another example is Bokuss selling and distribution of books,which go directly from the printing house to the customer.Amazon is also a well-known companyselling books via the Internet.They started their business with distribution directly from the printing house,but ha

24、ve had to switch logistics strategy to one in which they have to build warehouses in order to support the demandfor shorter delivery time from the customers in the US Hult e n,1999.1.4 Upstream and downstream consequences There is little doubt that e-commerce will necessitate changes in the way prod

25、ucts are distributed from manufacturer to customer.Whatthese changes will be is uncertain,but it is possible to distinguish the changes in upstream and downstream consequences,Figure 5.Consequences are said to be upstream when they concern changes in the distribution channel from the customer to the

26、 producer.The only thing that is sent in that direction is information,and upstream consequences therefore mainly arise from changes in the flow of information.The main upstream consequence is that the customer order point COP will be movedupstream towards the producer,and the system will therefore

27、change toward a pull strategy.This will demand a more efficient information system,but will lead to reduced inventory levels and thereby reduced capital tie-up Lumsden,1998.The consequences that are said to be downstream are those that 的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包

28、装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物concern the actual distribution of the products to the custom

29、ers.The most clearly foreseeable outcome from widespread commerce over the Internet is that consignment sizes will be reduced.The reason for this is that the distribution channels will stretch all the way to the final customer,and since private consumers do not need the same volumes as for example a

30、 retailer,the sizes will be smaller.Since the total consumption in society will remain the same,or probably even increase,the number of consignments and the number of delivery addresses will increase,and this in turn will lead to more complex distribution systems and more assignments for transportat

31、ion and logistics companies Lumsden,1998.1.5 Delivery parameters Point of delivery It is very interesting to know whether the customers have the same attitudes and expectations as the producers and distributors.The results from the diagrams in Figure 6 below show that the drop-off point is still not

32、 a fully accepted alternative.More than 60%are willing to pick up products at a post office,while no more than 30%are willing to do so at a drop-off point.This is interesting,since there is basically no difference between the two alternatives;the post office is in fact a drop-off point for Posten s

33、customers.This is a clear advantage for Posten On Line Center and a severe disadvantage for other distributors.For example,Privpak has been delivering mailorder products to drop-off points for a long time,but still there is resistance to this alternative.的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货

34、物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物As could be expected,most consumers want t

35、heir products delivered to their homes;89%stated that this was a good alternative.The respondents are in other words prioritising the comfort of receiving the goods at their door higher than the freedom of picking the goods up whenever they want.The alternative of delivering to workplaces got a very

36、 mixed result.Over 50%stated that they would like to have their products delivered to their workplace,while over 30%said that they would not.From this we can conclude that this alternative has the potential of being a good way of delivering e-commerce goods,but that it needs to be more thoroughly in

37、vestigated.Time of delivery The time when people want their products to be delivered is an issue that has not changed particularly much between our study and Bergendahl&Magnusson s 1998;the most popular time window is still weekdays between 6pm and 8pm.The results in Figure 7 show that most people a

38、re prepared to commit themselves to being home for a couple of hours during a weekday to receive their products.1.6 Logistics systems changeability Several different conditions affect the creation and alteration of a distribution network.There are the ideological,political or strategic aspects.There

39、 are the abstract network components such as information flow.There are the physical network components such as mobile resources,and there is the physical network,or infrastructure.When implementing changes in physical distribution,which will probably be 的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货

40、物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物necessary to imize the benefits of e-comme

41、rce,the time for changing the different aspects mentioned above will vary.The ideological changes are fairly quick and easy to implement;these are e.g.a politician s words and,as we all know,those can often change from day to day.Changes in the infrastructure,on the other hand,take a lot of time and

42、 cost a lot of moneyFigure 8.This figure also shows that making changes in information systems,which is in a way what ecommerce is all about,is a fairly quick process.Since new types of infrastructure will probably be necessary to fully utilize the benefits created from e-commerce,it is a rather saf

43、e assumption that it will take some time before we will see the whole potential of e-commerce.The complexities and differences in these changes are some of the factors that make it interesting and important to investigate how different actors will reshape their networks to adapt to the new demands o

44、f e-commerce.译文 电子商务及其对物流的影响 资料来源:/.作者:Kenth Lumsden 1.1 传统配送 在传统的国际配送中,货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的 手中。产品经过生产,合理的储存工厂之后,货物被运送到国家配送中心。它们在 那里储存,包装,重装,然后被运送到下一个站点-当地配送中心。在那里货物被 重复了相同的操作,之后被送到了零售店。货物在站点消耗的时间并没有增加价 值,所以配送链中站点越多就越没效率。的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点

45、当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物货物从为了存储而配送转化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单 点。在传统的配送中,客户订单点在零售商那里 ,在那里客户订货买货。正因为公 司预测需求

46、,然后把预测的量推送到配送链中,所以这个被称之为推送系统。在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配送货物的方式,也想必会出现 配送不同种类的货物的新方式。所以在决定使用什么样的配送模式所消耗的时间 会变得非常重要。这时候更加快速和更加直接的 internet 信息流能够使之略过 一个甚至更多的配送链中的节点,因此加速运送速度。例如,在未来,产品可能直 接从生产者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户。很有可能出现这样的情景,客户将 能够选择他们所想要的货物运送速度。客户越是愿意去支付,他们将会越快收到 他们的产品,配送的模式将会根据交货时间而选择。3.2 网络购买的配送结构 伴随着电子商务的进入和扩展,公司

47、的配送过程 将可能和必要发生很大的变化。这是因为配送链中客户订单点的位置将会被提升 在某些情况下可能会移至生产企业。自然的,配送过程能够被简化到只由生产公 司直接配送到客户的手里。多种不同的配送链能够作为未来可能得解决方法。最 基本的变化是之前部分所提到的关于传统配送的部分。从食品企业的例子就可以 看出,食品的生产商事在法国,那里的杂货是整卡车船运或者运送到在阿伦达尔 的丹麦国家仓库或者在坐落在瑞典南部国家配送中心。在配送中心,那些杂 货和其他产品被存储,重装,包装,之后被整装卡车运输到配送中心。这些配送中 心可以是位于 Kungalv 的 ICA VAST 在 ICA VAST,这些货物被重

48、新存储，重装,包装之后通过整装卡车或者拼装卡车运输到 ICA i 的零售商。顾客最后在 ICA i 购买到杂货。3.3 分销渠道 对于电子商务产品第一个能使得配送系统变简单的转变是移除零售的国际配送中货物需要经过数个节点或者站点才能到达客户的手中产品经过生产合理的储存工厂之后货物被运送到国家配送中心它们在那里储存包装重装然后被运送到下一个站点当地配送中心在那里货物被重复了相同的操作之后被化到为了满足服务而配送的位置叫做客户订单点在传统的配送中客户订单点在零售商那里在那里客户订货买货正因为公司预测需求然后把预测的量推送到配送链中所以这个被称之为推送系统在电子商务环境下有了几种可能的新型配非常重要

49、这时候更加快速和更加直接的信息流能够使之略过一个甚至更多的配送链中的节点因此加速运送速度例如在未来品可能直接从生者或者国家配送仓库中运送给客户很有可能出现这样的情景客户将能够选择他们所想要的货物商,货物配送直接送仓库到客户。这个就称作为送货上门,晚上购买郁金香就是这种 情况的一个例子。郁金香是生产在荷兰,因为其易腐性,所以之后通过冷藏车运输 到瑞典的国家配送中心。在仓库里,郁金香被包装成较小的货物,之后被运送给零 售商,例如 interflora 商店。顾客通过网络在 Interflora 商店下订单后,花店安 排花束。这些花之后通过 Interflora 商店自己的车或者快递配送给客户。另外

50、一个可能的转变是从分销渠道中移除本地仓库,用邮政服务来配送 从仓库到顾客的货物。这个就称作邮购购物,具体步骤如下。以服装贸易为例,服装在亚洲生产,运输到瑞典的 Boras 的国家配送中心。客户通过网络给邮购公 司下订单,之后服装被包装进包裹。这些包裹之后通过邮政服务配送到当地的邮 局,最后通过邮递员递送给客户。第三个转变是从配送中心配送给货物给顾客。Tamro 的老人大小便失禁 防护用品的配送是很好的例子。这些产品在德国生产,之后被运输到在 Backbol 的 Tanro 的国家配送中心。在那里,他们被存储包装,最终通过 Schenker-BTL 直 接配送到顾客的手中。最后一个转变是拥有直接