交际写作第一讲.docx

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1、Unit One The Basics of Communicative WritingRecommended readings:References1. Gill, C.M. (2014). Essential Writing Skills for College & Beyond. Ohio: Writers Digest Books.2. Langan, J. (2014). College Writing Skills with Readings: Sixth Edition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

2、3. Wyrick, J. (2008). Steps to Writing Well: Tenth Edition. Beijing: Peking University Press.Ten steps to reading well：1. Note the publication information and biographical data (where and when was the essay originally published; was it directed toward a particular or a general audience; was it writt

3、en in response to some event or controversy; is the essay still timely or is it dated; does the author seem qualified to write about this subject)2. Note the title of the essay (does it draw you into the essay; does it suggested a particular tone or image)3. First reading of the essay (either to rea

4、d through without stopping or to stop for main ideas or unknown words; to summarize your general impression; consider the authors purpose)4. Look at the title again and the introductory paragraphs (did they effectively set up your expectations; did they introduce the essays topic, main idea and tone

5、)5. Locate the writers main point or thesis (the thesis is either stated clearly or implied; mark the thesis)6. Look for statements that support or illustrate the thesis (topic sentences near the beginning or end of the body paragraphs; number the points; write down key words in the margin)7. Ask yo

6、urself how the writer develops, explains, or argues the thesis (make brief notes like how well you think the writer have succeeded, such as convincing examples good comparison generalization without support; use symbols to mark effective statements or confusing statements)8. Look back over the essay

7、s general organization (did the writer use one of the expository, descriptive, narrative, or argumentative strategies to structure the essay; some combination of strategies; Was this choice effective?)9. Look closely at the transitional devices jn the essay (does the essay flow logically and coheren

8、tly; bracket transitional words or phrases; how the writer achieved a sense of unity and flow)10. Consider the writers style and the essay/s tone (stylistic devices to make writing vivid and memorable; does the writer use specialized choice of words for a particular purpose; does the writers tone of

9、 voice come through clearly; is the essay serious, humorous, angry, happy, sad, sarcastic, or something else; is the tone appropriate for the purpose and audience of this essay?)Sample analyzing：USA Today: High Schools, Wake up!The following essay on school schedules was first published in USA Today

10、 in a Todays Debate Column (January 23, 2006). This essay represents the views of the newspapers editorial board.For a typical U.S. high school student, the morning alarm goes off 警报器响no later than 6:30 A.M. Breakfast (aka the most important meal of the day) is either scarfed down牙良吞虎咽 or skipped al

11、together. The school bus arrives by 7 A.M., and the first class starts by 7:30 A.M.This schedule works well for sports coaches: with school out by 2:30 PM., they have plenty of time to whiptheir teams into shape训练, 强使成)It works well for employers and employees. And many work-bound parents like the i

12、dea that their kids leave the house before they do.The schedule doesnt work well, however, for the students themselves, who by second period 第 二节课 can be seen nodding off at their desks 打吨.Sleep researchers side with the teens, whose brains appear wired 紧张的，不安的 to stay up later and who require more

13、sleep than do kids of other age groups. Sleep-deprived teens are grouchier 更力PI不满的， 不高兴的,poorer learners, more prone to attention deficit 注意力不足 disorders and more likely to cut classes 逃 课(=skip class= play hookey) , say sleep researchers from Brown University and the University of Minnesota.So why

14、does nearly every school district in the USA start high school so early? Bus schedules and money.School buses need to make three full cycles to bring elementary, middle and high school students to school. Starting high school later would mean buying more buses and hiring more drivers - or sending yo

15、unger students to school earlier. Sending the younger students sooner isnt as bad as it sounds. Many are up early anyway. And theres unlikely to be shortage of parents willing to stand with them at bus stops on dark mornings.School leaders in Edina, Minnesota Sipped改变, 突然转换 bus schedules nearly a de

16、cade ago. For teens and educators there, high school starts at 8:30 A.M. And theyre happily sticking with it.Few school districts have followed Edinas lead, however. Thats shortsighted. Pushing back high schools start times can produce:Better school attendance. A study of seven Minneapolis high scho

17、ols that pushed back start times showed higher school attendance in all grades, especially ninth. The same study showed a small improvement in academic performance.Happier students and parents. Parents in Edina reported that improved sleep far outweighs concerns over busing, sports and jobs. After o

18、ne year on the new schedule, 92% of those surveyed approved the change.Safer teens. Dumping unsupervised teens onto streets at 2:30 P.M. never made a lot of sense to parents or police. Not only would more teens have less time to get into trouble before adults arrive home, but teens who drive would a

19、lso be less vulnerable to fatigue-related accidents, sleep experts say.School superintendents 负责人 defending the status quo 状态 cite sports, after-school jobs and school bus schedules. But schedules are the only reason to hesitate. Even advocates of pushing back high school start times acknowledge tha

20、t bus schedules are nightmarishly 噩梦般地 complicated.But if Edina managed to figure it out, so can other districts. The payoff-more alert, less grumpy 脾 气坏的 teens-is worth the effort, even if the school board needs to pull a few all-nighters 通宵的 人 to work out the details.Part I An Introduction to Comm

21、unicative Writing Course1. Why bother taking this course?communicative English writing 交际性英语写作writing skills, composition skills, writing techniques 写作技能revising skills 修改技巧communicative tool 交流工具language study 语言学习international teachers 外籍教师text messages 短信letters of application 申请信overseas-investe

22、d enterprises 外资企业graduate training 研究生培养correspondence with the others 与他人沟通交流a different perspective 不同视角express the ideas effectively 有效表达观点the world at large 大千世界2. What does the course demand on me?flexible灵活的a fixed time固定时间language center 语言中心face-to-face classes 面授课schedule the study 规划学习rou

23、tine例行程序online discussions 在线讨论peer review activities I可伴互评design of the course 课程设计teaching periods 课时course materials 课程材料teaching videos 授课视频follow-up exercises 配套练习evaluate essays 评估作文modules 模块practical writing 实用文写作submit compositions 提交作文upload the draft 上传稿件within a given time在规定时间内3. What i

24、s communicative writing?a specific purpose 明确的目的entertain your audience取悦你的读者或观众a general audience 大庭广众an awareness of readers 读者意识a focus of instructions 授课重点narration t己叙文description 描述文exposition 说明文argumentation 议论文give thoughts to the readers 考虑读者需要achieve the intended communicative objective 达

25、到预期的交流目的 receive a good grade 得至U好成绩.communicative writing skills 交际性写作技巧a thoughtful reader缜密思考的读者reading for writing 以读促写an analytical reader 分析性读者professional essays 专业作家写的文章a critical reader批判性读者study the rubrics学习评分标准make comments 做出评论give a grade给出分数reflect on your own composition 对自 己的作文进行反思

26、communicate your ideas to the readers 与读者交流自 己的想法 three major strategies 三大策略Part II The reading-writing connection1. How can reading well help me become a better writer?organization, development and style 文章组织、发展和风格 championship matches 锦标赛supporting evidence 佐证stylistic devices 修辞手法word choices 用词

27、writing process 写作过程2. How can I become an analytical reader?pass over the words 忽略文字surf on the internet 浏览网页effective presentation 有效呈现annotating (marking of the text) 注释publication information 出版信息biographical data 传记式资料the paragraph that precedes the essay 正文前的段落a particular audience 特定观众in resp

28、onse to some event or controversy 对某个事件或争论的回应a particular tone 特定口吻summarize the general impression 总结总体印象introductory paragraph or paragraphs 起始段落locate the writers main point or thesis找到作者的主要观点或主题an implied idea隐含的观点mark this idea标注这个观点topic sentences 主题句a key word关键词convincing example有说服力的例子good

29、comparison 好的对比generalization without support 缺乏支撑的归纳symbols i己号question marks 问号general organization 总体上的组织transitional devices 过渡手法the essay flows logically and coherently 行文有逻辑性、条理清晰bracket 括号a sense of unity and flow 统一感和流畅感the writers style 作家的风格the essays tone 文章的语气vivid and memorable 生动难忘sarc

30、astic讽刺性的appropriate 恰当的3. Sample annotated essayassess the strengths and weaknesses 评估优点和缺点examples, testimony, and statistics 事例、证词和统计数据the writers stance 作者的立场Part III Analyzing Purpose and Audience1. Finding purposecommunicate your opinions to others clearly and persuasively 清晰并有说服力地交流自己的观点advan

31、ce a point推进一个观点 a particular subject 特定主题2. Discovering your audiencea focused topic集中的主题summer time schedule 夏时制cancellation of the schedule 取消安排a fixed timetable固定的时间表university administration 大学的管理层management of teaching buildings 管理教学楼waste of classroom resources 浪费教室资源townspeople普通市民owners of

32、the restaurants 餐馆老板age, education, profession, and interests of your audience 读者的年龄、教育背景、职业和兴趣3. Identifying your readerswriting assignment 写作任务your prospective employer有可能成为你雇主的人collect and discard information 收集或抛弃信息biased for or against your ideas因为偏见支持或反对你的观点positive or negative associations 正面

33、或负面的联系different expectations or interests 不同的期待或兴趣oppose your ideas反对你的观点special qualities 特征people in positions of authority 权威人士4. A few tips on analyzing your audiencegrab your readers attention 吸引读者注意confusion and disorder 7昆淆而无序clear and direct清晰且直接strike a bargain 达成协议authority on this subject本话题方面的权威pretentious, phony voices装腔作势、虚伪的语气simple and direct words简单直接的用词keep your voice natural, sincere and reasonable 语气自然、真诚、合乎情理