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1、2020年初中英语语法专题详解之名词篇一、英语名词可分专有名词和通俗名词两大年夜类:1、专有名词是一般得人、地、物、整体、机构等得专用称号。专有名词中实词得第一个字母要大年夜写。如:Beijing, Tom, the Peopled Republic of China(中华人民共和国)专有名词若是是含有通俗名词得短语,则必需使用定冠词the.如:the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名若是采用单数形式,则示意该姓氏一家人(单数含义),如:the Greens(格林一家人)。2、通俗名词是许多人或事物得共有称号。如:pupil, family, man, foot.通俗名词又分为可数名词和不
2、可数名词。可数名词是可以用复杂得数词举行计数得名词,如:box, child, orange ;不可数名词是不可以用复杂得数词举行计数得名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information .二、英语可数名词得单单数:英语可数名词有单数和单数两种形式。1、名词由单数变单数得基本办法如下:在单数名词词尾加 s0如:map maps,boy boys,horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch 开 头 得 词 加 es. 如class-classes, box-boxes, hero-heroes, dishdishes,
3、 bench-benches.注:少数以o开头得词,变单数时只加s。如:photo-photos, piano-pianos.以子音字母加y开头得名词,变y为i,再加es。如familyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe开头得名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2、 不 规 则 改 变manmen, womanwomen,sheep-sheep,tooth-+teeth, fish-fish, child-children, oxoxen, gooseg
4、eese不可数名词一般没有单数形式,申明其数目时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice-two bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk.三、名词所有格:1、名词所有格示意所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其组成法如下: 示意人或其它有生命得器械得名词常在词尾加s。如:Childern、Day(儿童节),my sisters book(我姐姐得书)以s或es开头得单数名词。只在词尾加如:Teachers,Day微员节)有些示意时
5、候、距离和世界、国度、城镇等无生命得名词,也可在词尾加如:todays newspaper(会旦得报纸),ten minutes,break(十分钟得课间安歇), Chinas population(史国得人口).不管示意有生命仍是无生命得器械得名词,T殳都可用介词of短语来示意所有关系。如:a fine daughter of the Party(党得好女儿).2、注解:、还可以示意或人得家或许某个商号,如:my aunt、俄阿姨家),the doctor、(诊所)两人共有某物时,可以采用A and B、得形式,如:Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和丽丽 合住得卧房)“of
6、+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为两重所有格,如:a friend of my father、俄父亲得 一位朋友),a friend of mi ne俄得一位朋友)四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间得单单数得一致问题1、谓语和谓语基本坚持单单数得一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用 单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起得创造)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里得水很冷)2、团体名词(如 family, class, team, group, row, police
7、, school 等)做句子主语时,若是示意整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班) 若是示意其中得所有成员时,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class T示eehavea m叩of China.(三班有张中国地图)3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等示意单个时谓语用单数,示意许多时,谓语用单 数。如:Therejs a sheep in the vard.(院子里有只绵羊)/ There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)4、maths, ne
8、ws等虽然有s开头,但不是单数,是以谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.(这个动静令人兴奋)5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词常常用单数形式,故谓语用单数。如: The trousers are very che叩 and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)6、a lot of后跟名词单数时谓语用单数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students are plavina baseball now.(如今有许多学生在打垒球)A lot of time was
9、 wasted on that work.(大年夜量得时候花在了哪个任务上)(主动句)7、and毗邻两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用单数,然则两个名词若组成一个整体事物时,谓语 则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are pickina apples now.(先生和他得儿子在摘苹 果)/Fish and chips is very famous food.(鱼和薯条是一种有名着名得食物)8、there be句型中be得单单数一般由接近得名词决议。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)
10、9、用bothand毗邻两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Both you and I arerequired to be here tomorrow.(你和我将来明天将来要求都来) 10、主语中含有with得短语时,谓语单单数由with之前得人物决议。如:A woman with a 7- year-old child was standina at the side of the road.(一位妇女带着一个七岁得孩子(其时) 就站在路边)11、either.。!*或许neither.nor毗邻两小我物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如: Either you or he is ria
11、ht.(要末是你对,要末是他对。/你和他有一小我是对得)/ Neither you nor J am going there.(你和我都不设计往那边)12、示意一段时候或长度概念得单数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:皿 months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时候)Two thousand kilometers is auite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长得一段距离)13、主语中含有half of. / (three quarters)of. I all (of) the .等词语时,谓语得单单数由名 词确定,如:Over thr
12、ee quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网 上四分之三以上得信息是用英语写得)/ A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生得三分之一(其时)正在湖边玩耍)/ All of the water in these rivers has been poll uted.(这些河流中得水已被污染了乂主动句)然贝!J,population 一词又有特殊情形:Whats the population of China?(中国人口是若 干? 乂句子用单数)
13、/ Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这 个城市四分之三得人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用单数)五、局部名词用法辨析:1、sport, game、match、race得区别:sport平日指“户外运动”以磨炼为主概念较大年 夜;game意思是“运动、竞赛,不论户内户外仍是脑力体力,指以胜负为主得运动;match意 为“竞赛、竞赛”,多教正式竞赛;race重要示意“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:Pe叩Ie all around the world enjoy sports.(全球得人都喜君运动)/ The 2008 O
14、lympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(主动句)/ Our school football team won the leaguen回生(联赛).(我们寞舍足球队取得了联赛冠军)/They were strong and won the boatj.(汤他们很棒博得了划艇竞赛)2、festival、holiday, vacation得区别:festival节日”,指喜庆得日子或持续一段时候得文 娱运动;holiday(假日、安歇日),指法定假日或习惯习惯,单数可以示意一个较长得假期; vacation“假期”,指学习或任务中一
15、段长时候得安歇。如:The Shanghai TelevisionFestival will be held next month.(上海电视节将不才个月举行)/ Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,少数人不任务)/ What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidavs?(在暑期你设计做什么事情?)3、journey, tour, trip travel得区别:journey指在海洋面(或海上或空中)举行得远程巡 游,不知终点,含有辛劳得意思;tou
16、r指途中作短时间逗留得巡回巡游,夸大巡游多处,常常使用 来指不雅光等;trip平日指往返准时得短途巡游,如出差度假等;travel多指长久或远程得不雅 光巡游,迥殊指到国外,没有明白目得地,也作不可数名词,指巡游这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the iournev to Dunhuang.(他拿定想法主张野主敦煌巡游)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行不雅光往了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(往 年他往了上海好几次)/ Did you go to S
17、antiago(圣地亚哥)during your年vels?(巡游时代你 往圣地亚哥了吗?)/Travellinq through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危 险得)4、sound、noise、voice得区别:sound指各种声音;noise重要指“噪音;voice指人 得,嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上得喧哗声让我彻夜 难眠)/ All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(倏忽间传来几声枪响和一 声尖叫)/ The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为伤风得原因, 这个歌颂家失落往了她银铃般得嗓音)5、fish得问题:指许多条鱼且不论品种时,用fish,单单数不异;fishes指许多品种得鱼; fish指“鱼肉时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool.(池子里有 许多品种得鱼)/1 prefer fish to meat.(与肉比拟我更喜好鱼)
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