高中英语句子成分和句子种类外语学习语法 _外语学习-语法 .pdf

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1、学习必备 欢迎下载 句子成分和句子种类详解 句子成分和结构是英语的基础，是理解和表达英语的关键。英语中许多词类都对句子成分和结构有影响。英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的，这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用，叫做句子成分。英语的篇章是由句子构成的，不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构，这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型。学习英语句法的基础是了解句子成分、句子的基本结构和句子种类。I 句子成分 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语和补足语等。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分；表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分。1.主语：主语说明谓语动作

2、或状态的执行者，常用的作主语的词类有：名词（短语）、代词、数词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）和从句。Subject is the topic or theme of the sentence,which tells of what the sentence is about.1）名词：The students are learning grammar.Our teacher speaks very fast.2）代词：She is writing.He likes playing tennis.3）数词：Five is an odd number.Six is my favourite nu

3、mber.4）不定式：To learn English well is important.It is not easy to remember all rules.5）动名词：Swimming is interesting.Learning grammar well is difficult.6）主语从句：What I said is true.What we cant get seems better than what we have.2.谓语：谓语用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语的中心词是限定动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。Predicate says something abo

4、ut the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader.1）简单谓语 动词：He bought a dictionary yesterday.动词短语：He is looking for his pen.2）复合谓语 系动词+表语：We are students.情态动词+不定式：I may be wrong.动词+不定式：We have to do something for them.3.表语：表语与前面的系动词一

5、起构成复合谓语，用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身 份等。充作表语的可以是单词、短语或从句。Predicative expresses the status,characteristics or the quality of the subject.1）名词：He is a doctor.Mr.Scott is a farmer.2）代词：It is me.Thats something we have always to keep in mind.学习必备 欢迎下载 3）数词：My lucky number is nine.She was the first to learn about i

6、t.4）形容词：The classroom is big.His hair has gone white.5）副词：I am here.6）介词：We are in the classroom.7）动名词：My job is teaching them grammar.=Teaching them grammar is my job.8）分词：The film is exciting.Time is pressing.Lets hurry up.9）不定式短语：My job is to teach them grammar.All I can do is to send her a teleg

7、ram.10）表语从句：He looks as if he were going to cry.The suggestion is that we should recite more words.注意：名词：身份、性质、内容。形容词：特点、特征。4.宾语：宾语为动作的承受者。Object represents the person or the thing that something is done to or the person who is concerned in the result of an action.1）名词：He is drinking water.Ive bough

8、t an English-Chinese dictionary.2）代词：The teacher is talking to her.They didnt promise him anything.3）数词：I like six.I want the first.4）动名词：He likes watching TV.I enjoyed working with you.5）不定式：I want to buy a book.My father likes to swim in winter.6）宾语从句：He asked if he might go there.Did you write do

9、wn what she said?注意：英语有单宾语、双宾语、复合宾语、同源宾语等。1）单宾语：I can hardly hear the radio.Would you please turn it up?Please stop making noise.Do you understand what I mean?2）双宾语：双宾语指动词后面接指人和指物的两个宾语。（指人的宾语叫间接宾语；指物的宾语叫直接宾语）其结构为：主语+及物动词（短语）+sb.+sth.Please tell me how the accident came about.（me 为间接宾语，how 从句为直接宾语）Th

10、e teacher asked me a question.（me 为间接宾语，a question 为直接宾语）类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词

11、不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 当直接宾语与间接宾语位置调换时，须在间接宾语前加介词 to/for 等。Would you like to do me a favor?=Would you like to do a favor for me?3）复合宾语：“宾语+宾语补足语”构成了复合宾语，宾语与补足语之间具有 逻辑上的主谓关系。We all find him a nice boy.（him 为宾语，a nice boy 为宾语补足语）I saw a stranger waving to

12、 me.（a stranger 为宾语，waving to me 为宾语补足语）4）同源宾语：同源宾语指由名词担任的能重复动词部分或全部意思的直接宾 语，前面常有修饰语。laugh a good laugh 大笑 smile a gentle smile 微微一笑 live a happy life 过着幸福生活 die a glorious death 死得光荣 dream a beautiful dream 作美梦 sing a sweet song 唱了一首甜 美的歌 blow a heavy blow 沉重地一击 5.同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的词在语法上处于同

13、等地位的 句子成分叫做同位语。同位语常常置于被说明的词之后。Appositive is the further information after a noun or a pronoun referring to who or what.1）名词：Zhang Sir,our grammar teacher is humorous.This is Mr.Zhou,director of our hospital.2）代词：He himself did it.3）数词：The year,1988 is important.We two will go shopping this afternoon

14、.4）动名词：My task,looking after these children is important.5）不定式：My job,to teach them grammar is hard.6）同位语从句：I had no idea that you were here.The suggestion that we should recite more words is useful.6.定语：定语是用来描述名词或代词的修饰语，它常和名词构成名词短语。Attributive is used to modify a noun or a pronoun.前置定语：1）名词：I want

15、an English-Chinese dictionary.He has bought a grammar book.2）代词：This is my bag.No difficulty whatever can stop our advance.3）数词：There are two policeman in the street.Please read the first paragraph.4）冠词：This is a desk.5）形容词：I like red apples.He gave me a vivid description of the battle.6）动名词：This is

16、 a sleeping car.The swimming pool is wonderful.类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面

17、的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 后置定语：7）副词：The students here are good.The buildings around are of modern construction.8）介词：The students in the classroom are good.The book on the desk is mine.9）不定式：I have an apple to eat.I have a lot of homework to do.注意：当句子的主语是不定式动作的发出者时，不

18、定式用主 动形式表被动。10）定语从句：The students who are in the classroom are good.The boy who went to the library is our monitor.注意：是作前置定语还是后置定语取决于自身的长度。11）分词：现在分词：This is a sleeping boy.The sleeping boy is my brother.There are some boys playing outside.过去分词：This is a broken glass.She is taking care of the newly-b

19、orn child.We must solve the problems left by history.注意：动名词作定语，表示所修饰名词的性质或用途。This is a sleeping car.=This is a car used for sleeping.分词作定语，表示所修饰名词的动作或状态。I like the children playing on the ground.This is a glass broken by that kid.7.状语：状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。Adve

20、rbial is usually used to modify a verb,an adjective,an adverb or a sentence.英语中有十大状语：1）时间状语：He is to fly to London tomorrow.2）地点状语：The meeting was held in Harbin.3）方式状语：The workers there are paid by the week,not by the month.4）比较状语：He worked as fast as a skilled worker.5）程度状语：He loves his son very m

21、uch.6）原因状语：Because of the warm and sunny weather,oranges grow very well here.7）目的状语：We do it in this way so as to save time.8）结果状语：He returned home to find his father dead.类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句

22、子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 9）条件状语：Without plants,animals could not live in the world.10）让步状语：In spite of all his efforts,he failed.注意：十大状语，九大状

23、语从句。程度状语没有状语从句，由程 度副词或现在分词来担任。1）名词：He will go to Japan tomorrow.2）副词：Liu Xiang runs fast.3）形容词：He got home,cold and hungry.Unable to answer the question,he said nothing.4）状语从句：Since he was unable to answer the question,he said nothing.He got up early so that he might catch the morning train.注意：当状语从句

24、位于主句前面时，必须有“，”后面时，“，”可有可无 5）介词：We are learning grammar in the classroom.6）不定式：They went to Beijing to visit a famous writer.They study hard to pass the examination.7）分词：Seeing the notice,he ran away.Seem from the hill,the village is beautiful.注意：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。Settled,we began our work.The questi

25、on settled,we began our work.8）独立主格：名词/代词+名词：He talked about friends,all stars.形容词：He stood there,his face red.副词：Class over,the students went out of the classroom.介词：The teacher came in,a book in his hand.不定式短语：Much work to do,I dont think Ill have time to come and see you.分词：Some boys making so mu

26、ch noise,I couldnt study.The question settled,we began our work.8.补语：补语是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。Complement is used to form complete semantic meaning of a sentence.补语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语，含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动句时，宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。注意：补足语力求句意的完整，根据语意，不能随意拿掉。1）名词：We call her Zhang Sir.She is called Zhang Sir by us.形式主语，逻

27、辑上的宾语 主动语态的主语变到介词后 注：被动语态主宾一体。2）形容词：The letter made him sad.He was made sad by the letter.类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和

28、时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 3）介词：We consider her as our friend.She is considered as our friend.注意：As our friend,she is kind.状语可以随意拿掉 4）不定式短语：（受到动词的制约）Ill made him come in.主语补足语（bare infinitive）He will be made to come in by me

29、.主语补足语 The teacher made us recite the words.We were made to recite the words.5）副词：Ill mad him in.He will be made in.Ill let him out.He will be let out.注意：虚词不能独立在句子中作成分。6）分词：I saw her crossing the street.He was seen crossing the street.9.独立成分：与句子没有关系或关系很松，独立于句子之外的成分称为独立成分。1）感叹词：感叹词作独立成分多置于句首。Well,let

30、s end the discussion!There,there!Never mind.Its nothing serious at all.2）称呼语：称呼语作独立成分可置于句首、句中或句尾。Direct address is used to address somebody in the conversation.名词：Hurry up,children!代词：You,stand up!Somebody,fetch a basin of water.人名：Tom,come here.3）插入语：Parenthesis is one or more words introduced as a

31、n added explanation or thought,and in writing usually enclosed at both ends by a bracket or a comma.不定式：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.分词：Judging from your accent,you must be from Scotland.介词短语：This,in my opinion,is only one of the minor issues.形容词：Sure enough,enough planes came again the n

32、ext day.副词：Honestly,I dont need it at the moment.从句：Whats more,40 percent of the families would get an income of over 10000 yuan.句子：The cross-talk,I think,was both interesting and instructive.类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾

33、语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 II 句子种类 英语句子按照使用目的和交际功能分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1.陈述句：陈述句用来叙述一件事情或表明说话人的看法、态度等，句末用“.”，一般读 作降调。包括肯定陈述句和

34、否定陈述句。陈述句的语序一般为“主语部分+谓 语部分”。1）陈述句的肯定形式：正常语序：He has answered my question clearly.他已经清楚地回答了我的问题。倒装语序：In front of our village runs a clear river.在我们村庄前流淌着一条清澈的小河。2）陈述句的否定形式：（1）如果句子的谓语为 be 动词、助动词或情态动词等，其否定形式是在这 些动词之后加 not。I am not good at Chinese.我汉语不好。She cannot play the piano.她不会弹钢琴。（2）如果句子的谓语是实义动词，在谓

35、语动词前要用 dont,doesnt,didnt 的 形式。They didnt know my address and telephone number.他们不知道我的地址和电话号码。We dont go to school on Sundays.我们星期天不上课。She doesnt like coffee.她不喜欢咖啡。（3）其他否定词（如 no,never,seldom,hardly,nobody 等）也可构成否定式。Nobody knows him.没有人认识他。I have never been to Sydney.我从未去过悉尼。She seldom writes home.她很

36、少给家里写信。注意：含有否定词缀（如由 un-,im-,in-,dis-,-less 等）构成的词，像 dislike,unfortunate,impatient,impossible,unnecessary 等，在句中表示否定意 义，但不看作否定句。通常来说，像 scarcely,seldom,hardly,few,little,almost not/no/never 等词表示的意思为半否定意义。（4）双重否定 双重否定即两个表示否定意义的词连用的情况。双重否定实际上是表 示肯定，是一种强调用法。常见的有：no/not/never.+without.,can not/never.too.to

37、 do.,no/not/never.+表示否定意义的动词或短语。Nothing is changeless.万物都在变化中。Man cant live without water or air.没有水喝空气人类就无法生存。类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语

38、代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 （5）部分否定 总括词 all,both,everyone,everything,everywhere,many,always等与 not 或 never 连用表示部分否定。如果要表示完全否定，则用相应的否定词 none,no one,neither,nothing,nowhere,never 等。He is not always late for

39、class.他并非总是上课迟到。Not all the books here are useful.并非这儿所有的书都有用。Not everyone will do it for nothing.并非所有人都愿意无偿做这件事。（6）否定前置 当主语为第一人称，谓语动词是 think,believe,suppose,imagine,expect,feel 等时，说话者要委婉提出看法时，其宾语从句中的否定词往往转移到主句中。I dont expect Tom has won the first prize.我没有料到汤姆获得了一等奖。We dont believe you have read th

40、at book,have you?我们相信你没有看过那本书，对吗？注意：英语中有些特殊句式，如疑问或感叹句式可以表示否定意义。Who knows it?(=No one knows it.)谁知道呢？God only knows!(=No one knows.)天才晓得。有些句子形式上为否定，但意义上却是肯定。You cant be careful enough.你越小心越好。One can never be too old to learn.活到老，学到老。2.疑问句：疑问句用来提出问题，句末用问号“？”。常见得疑问句有五种：1）一般疑问句：用 yes,no 来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句，但

41、在口语中有时也 用 yes,no 之外的词回答。口语中若无特殊含义，句末用声调。（1）用 yes,no 回答的一般疑问句 Are your parents doctors?你父母都是医生吗？Yes,they both are.是的，他们都是。（2）用 yes,no 之外的词回答的一般疑问句 一般疑问句也可用其他表示肯定或否定的词回答，如 certainly,sure,of course,I think so,all right,certainly not,not at all,never,sorry,not yet,Im afraid not等。Would you mind my joinin

42、g your talk?我加入你们的讨论，你们介意吗？Certainly not.当然不介意。（3）省略形式的一般疑问句 在非正式文体中，特别是在口语中，常用一般疑问句 的省略形式。Anything the matter?出了什么问题吗？Want some coffee?喝点咖啡吗？类都对句子成分和结构有影响英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分

43、主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载 注意：（1）在拒绝邀请时，一般不直接说 no，而是要先表示 感谢，再讲明原因。Could you come to tea on Sunday?星期天过来喝茶，好吗？Thats very nice of you,but Im afraid my schedule is full that d

44、ay./I wish I could,but you see I have a friend to visit.你真是太好了，不过那天我的计划都满了。/我想来，不过我要去看望一个朋友。（2）在回答带有否定词的一般疑问句时，答语中务必保 持“yes+肯定句”“no+否定句”的一致，同时 还要注意 yes 译成“不”，no 译成“是”。Havent you been to England?你没到过英格兰吗？No,I havent./Yes,I have.是的，没去过。/不，我去过。2）特殊疑问句：就句中某一部分进行提问的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句要 由特殊疑问词引导，常用的主要有 what,

45、who,whom,whose,where,when,why,how 等。特殊疑问句末一般用降调。（1）普通特殊疑问句：由一般疑问词引导的特殊疑问句叫普通特殊 疑问句。这种疑问句主要用来询问信息。When shall we start the new programme?我们什么时候启动新项目？Where can I lay all these packs of books?这几包书我该放在哪里？（2）省略特殊疑问句：在日常会话中，特殊疑问句常以省略形式出 现。Why?为什么？Where?在哪里？What else?还有什么？What next?下一步怎么做？Im reading a play.

46、我在读一个剧本。Who by?谁写的？Where to go?到哪儿去？（3）固定短语构成的特殊疑问句：how about,what about,how come 等提问构成特殊疑问句。Im really tired.How about having a rest?我的确累了，休息一会儿好吗？If you want to eat out,What about Chinese food?如果你想外出吃饭，吃中餐怎么样？How come you were late again?你怎么又来晚了？注意：how come 后加一个完整的陈述语序的句子，用来询问原 因，表示惊讶。类都对句子成分和结构有影响

47、英语中的句子是由词或短语组成的这些词或短语在句子中起一定的作用叫做句子成分英语的篇章是由句子构成的不同的内容需要不同类型的句式结构这些句式结构又构成英语中不同的句子类型学习英语主语谓语表语宾语同位语定语状语和补足语等主语和谓语是句子的主体部分表语宾语定语状语补足语和同位语等是句子的次要部分主语主语说明谓语动作或状态的执行者常用的作主语的词类有名词短语代词数词不定式短语动名词短定动词有人称数和时态的变化简单谓语动词动词短语复合谓语系动词表语情态动词不定式动词不定式表语表语与前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语用来说明主语的特征类属状态身份等充作表语的以是单词短语或从句名词代词学习必备学习必备 欢迎下载

48、3）选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案，供 对方进行选择。选择疑问句的前一部分用升调，后一部分用 降调。这种疑问句有两种形式：一种以一般疑问句为基础，另 一种以特殊疑问句为基础。or 连接的两个并列成分可以是状 语、宾语、表语、谓语或两个句子等。Shall we go home or stay here for the night?我们今晚回家呢还是呆在这里？How shall we go to the park,by bus or by taxi?我们坐公交车还是打的去公园？注意：（1）回答选择疑问句时不可用 yes,no；而要用完整句 子回答或说出一个具体的选择项

49、。When shall we meet,at six or at seven?我们什么时候会和，六点还是七点？(We shall meet)At six.（我们）六点（会合）。（2）当选择对象有三个或以上时，前几个选择对象之间 加“，”，最后两个之间加 or 连接。Can I give you a whisky,a beer or a drink?来杯威士忌、啤酒还是饮料？（3）一般疑问句后面加 or not,表示不耐烦等感情色彩，回答时可用 yes 或 no.Are you ready or not?你究竟准备好了没有？Yes,I am.是的，我准备好了。4）反诘疑问句：以否定形式出现的疑问

50、句，有时含有反诘的口气，是在反问、责 怪或证实一件事实，而并非在疑问。一般情况下要用助动词的否 定缩略形式。Dont you know you are mistaken again?你难道不知道你又错了吗？Why dont you let him speak the secret out?你为什么不让他把秘密说出来？5）反意疑问句：反意疑问句时附加在陈述句后的简单问句（又称附加问句），它征 询对前面陈述内容的意见是肯定还是否定，或者希望证实陈述内 容。反意疑问句分为形式上的反意疑问句合内容上的反意疑问句两类。形式上的反意疑问句：要求与前面陈述句的主谓部分保持一致；内容上的反意疑问句：要依据前面