英语独立主格结构精讲精练外语学习语法 _外语学习-语法 .pdf

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1、英语：独立主格结构精讲精练 I.独立主格结构的基本概念 由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被称为独立主格结构。II.独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能 独立主格结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,多用来表示行为、方式、伴随等情况,有时也可用来表示时间、原因、条件等情况。1、名词或代词主格+分词 The experiment done,the students went on to take notes in the experiment report.实验做完了,同学们继续在实验报告上做记录。T

2、ime permitting,we can have a walk around the playground after supper.如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。2、名词或代词主格+形容词 Computers very small,we can use them widely.电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。The clothes very dirty,youd better wash them quickly.衣服很脏,你快点儿洗洗吧!3、名词或代词主格+不定式 The last guest to arrive,our party was started.最后一位客人到

3、了,我们的晚会就开始了。4、名词或代词主格+介词短语 Our English teacher came into the classroom,papers in hand.我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。There is a river in the valley,fresh flowers on the banks.山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。5、名词或代词主格+副词 The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting-room.散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。The lights off,we could not go

4、on with the work.灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。III.独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同 1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例)。If time permits,wed better have a holiday at weekends.转换为:Time permitting,wed better have a holiday at weekends.如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。When we see from the h

5、illtop,we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:Seeing from the hilltop,we can find the city more beautiful.从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作依着法则(例)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作悬垂分词(例)。Searching for the thief in the city,it had taken the policemen a long time.在城市里搜查小偷,

6、花费了警察很长一段时间。When planting these flowers,care must be taken not to damage the roots.(人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。IV.独立主格结构与独立成分的异同 1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从判断,Supposing 假设,等等。Generally speaking,the rule is very easy to underst

7、and.总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said,he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有:to be honest 老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters/things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。To tell you the truth,

8、I made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。To make things worse,many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay,leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。英语高考专题复习讲与练 独立主格结构常见类型及其用法 独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容

9、词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1、逻辑主语+V-ing 这种构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作不是整句主语发出的动作，而是其逻辑主语发出的动作。如：1._no bus,we had to walk h

10、ome.A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was 2._no bus,we had to walk home.A.As there being B.As there was C.Being D.There was 3._Sunday,the library doesnt open.A.Being B.There being C.It being D.Having been 词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系通常被称为独立主格结构独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用相当于一个状语从句多用来表

11、示行为方式伴随等情况有时也可用来们可以到操场上散散步名词或代词主格形容词电脑虽小我们却能广泛地利用它们衣服很脏你点儿洗洗吧名词或代词主格不定式最后一位客人到了我们的晚会就开始了名词或代词主格介词短语我们的英语老师走进了教室手里拿着试卷独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后它有自己的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致例而分词短语转换为状语从句后从句的主语与主句的主语一致例转4._Sunday,the library doesnt open.A.As it being B.Being C.It is D.As it is 2、逻辑主语+

12、V-ed 该构成形式内部的逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者。如：1._,the train started.A.The signal given B.Giving the signal B.The signal being given D.The signal giving 2._,the train started.A.After having given the signal B.After the signal given C.Giving the signal D.After the signal was given 3._,the text became easier for us to

13、learn.A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words 4._,the text became easier for us to learn.A.When new words were explained B.Explaining new words B.New words explaining D.Being explained new words 3、逻辑主语+形容词（副词）该结构相当于一个未带动词的“主系表”结构。如：1._,th

14、e patient can leave the hospital.A.Better conditions B.Conditions better C.Conditions are better D.Being better conditions 2._,the patient can leave the hospital.A.If better conditions B.If conditions better C.If conditions are better D.Being better conditions 3._,wed like to go outing.A.Being Sunda

15、y B.Sunday OK C.Sunday is OK D.If Sunday OK 4._,wed like to go outing.A.If Sunday is OK B.Sunday being OK C.Sunday OK D.A,B and C 5._,you can wait a while.A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B 6._,so you can wait a while A.The play is still on B.The play b

16、eing still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on 4、逻辑主语+介词短语 该结构相当于不带动词的“主系介词短语”结构。如：1.The boy followed the nobleman here,_.A.a sword in hand B.a sword in his hand B.Being a sword in hand D.sword in hand 2.The boy followed the nobleman here _.A.with a sword in his hand B.with a sword in h

17、and C.with a sword being in hand D.a sword being in hand 3.He left the office,_.A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes 4.He left the office _.A.with tears being in eyes B.with tears in her eyes C.being tears in eyes D.tears being in eyes 二、独立主格结构在整句中可作

18、以下成分：1、原因状语 该结构在句中作原因状语时相当于一个原因状语从句。如：1._ no bus,we had to walk home.词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系通常被称为独立主格结构独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用相当于一个状语从句多用来表示行为方式伴随等情况有时也可用来们可以到操场上散散步名词或代词主格形容词电脑虽小我们却能广泛地利用它们衣服很脏你点儿洗洗吧名词或代词主格不定式最后一位客人到了我们的晚会就开始了名词或代词主格介词短语我们的英语老师走进了教室手里拿着试卷独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都

19、可以转换为状语从句但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后它有自己的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致例而分词短语转换为状语从句后从句的主语与主句的主语一致例转A.There being B.As there was C.There was D.A and B 2._Sunday,the library doesnt open.A.It being B.As it is C.Being D.A and B 3._,I had to ask for two days leave.A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill D.A,B and C 4._

20、,we have to work late into the night.A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D.A,B and C 2、时间状语 独立主格结构作时间状语时相当于一个由 when,as soon as,after 等引导的时间状语从句。如：1._,the train started.A.The signal given B.After the signal was given C.Given the signal D.A and B 2._,the text became easier for

21、us to learn.A.New words explained B.When new words were explained C.When teacher explained new words D.all above 3、条件状语 独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由 if 引导的条件状语从句。如：1._,well go to visit the Great Wall.A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B 2._,the patient will recover himself soon.A

22、.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C 4、伴随状语 独立主格结构作伴随状语时相当于一个介词短语或并列谓语。如：1.We have lessons every day,_.A.Sunday included B.Sunday including C.Sunday is including D.all the above 2.The boy fell asleep,_.A.cap on head B.with a cap on head C.a c

23、ap on was on head D.all the above 3.Father came home,_ A.a dog following him B.a dog followed him C.being followed by a dog D.all the above with+复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法 “with+复合宾语”结构是指“with+宾语（名词或代词）+非谓语动词（分词、不定式）、介词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动还是被动），则用不定式；若内 部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去

24、分词；若内部动词表示持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：1、原因状语 1.With the man _ us ahead,we had no trouble finding the village.A.To guide B.Guiding C.Guided D.To have guide 2.With a lot of work_,she doesnt have time to rest.A.to do B.to be done C.doing D.done 3.With the machine _all the time,we finished harvesting

25、 crops in time.A.to work B.worked C.working D.Being working 2、时间状语 1.The street looks more beautiful with all the lights _.A.are on B.on C.to be on D.been on 词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系通常被称为独立主格结构独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用相当于一个状语从句多用来表示行为方式伴随等情况有时也可用来们可以到操场上散散步名词或代词主格形容词电脑虽小我们却能广泛地利用它们衣服很脏你点

26、儿洗洗吧名词或代词主格不定式最后一位客人到了我们的晚会就开始了名词或代词主格介词短语我们的英语老师走进了教室手里拿着试卷独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后它有自己的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致例而分词短语转换为状语从句后从句的主语与主句的主语一致例转2.With our problem _,we all felt happy.A.to settle B.to be settled C.settled D.being settled 3.With his work_,the secretary began to walk h

27、ome.A.to do B.doing C.done D.to be done 3、伴随状语 1.She left the offices with tears _.A.in her eyes B.in eyes B.being in eyes D.to be in eyes 2.The man found the door with both his eyes _.A.to be closed B.being closed C.closed D.closing 3.We felt uncomfortable with two waitresses_.A.standing by B.to be

28、 standing by C.stood by D.being standing by 4.The murderer was brought in,with his hands_.A.to be tied behind B.tied behind C.tying behind D.being tied behind 5.You cant see well _.A.with the glasses on B.being on the glasses C.with the glasses to be on D.with the glasses 4、后置定语 1.Do you know the ma

29、n _ a book in his hand?A.with B.having C.being D.A and B 2.Please offer your seat to the woman _ a baby in her arms.A.carrying B.having C.with D.all the above 分词、独立主格和“with +复合宾语”作状语的区别 分词结构、独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构在句中均可作状语，其区别是这样的：一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）。这种情况下的

30、分词短语可以改为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。分词短语在句中常作以下状语：1、原因状语 1._late,we had to walk home.A.Being B.As we were C.We being D.A and B 2._ busy,they had no time to play.A.As they were B.Being C.Because they were D.all the above 2、时间状语 1._ the students homework,the teacher found a lot of mistakes.A.When he was correcting C

31、.When he corrected C.Correcting D.all the above 2._by your teachers,you are supposed to be modest.A.When you are praised B.Praised C.When praised D.all the above 3、条件状语 1._ more time,he is sure to finish his test paper.A.If he is given B.If given C.Given D.all the above 2._ another chance,Ill do my

32、job better.A.If I have B.If having C.Having D.all the above 4、伴随状语 1.Father came back,_ a bag of money on his left shoulder.A.carrying B.he was carrying C.and he was carrying D.all the above 2.Father came back,_ by a monkey.A.and he was followed B.followed C.and was followed D.all the above 二、独立主格结构

33、和 with+复合宾语结构在句子中作状语时，这种结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系通常被称为独立主格结构独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用相当于一个状语从句多用来表示行为方式伴随等情况有时也可用来们可以到操场上散散步名词或代词主格形容词电脑虽小我们却能广泛地利用它们衣服很脏你点儿洗洗吧名词或代词主格不定式最后一位客人到了我们的晚会就开始了名词或代词主格介词短语我们的英语老师走进了教室手里拿着试卷独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后它

34、有自己的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致例而分词短语转换为状语从句后从句的主语与主句的主语一致例转整句的主语，即主句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。如：1._,well go fishing in the country.A.Permitting weather B.Weather permitted C.Weather permitting D.Permitting 2._,he finished playing the game of chess.A.His eyes closing B.With his eyes closed C.Closing his eyes D.Closed his eye

35、s 3._,I couldnt get the book I wanted.A.Closed B.Library closed C.Closing library D.With library closing 三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如 when,if,as soon as,as,while 等）或并列连词（如 and,but,or,so 等）。例如：1._ the teacher told the class to go through the text A.Checking the answers B.

36、Checking the answers and C.When checking the answers and D.all the above 2._a rainy day,so all the farmers had to stay inside.A.It being B.Being C.It was D.all the above 3.As_a little sick,he remained at the clinic.A.feeling B.he felt C.he felling D.all the above 四、在使用独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构、分词结构作句子的状语时，

37、一定要看句子主语同这些结构的逻辑关系。1、当句子主语与该状语内部动词之间有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系时，该状语可用分词结构或从句表示。1._ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.A.Lost B.As he was lost C.He lost D.A and B 2._for the bus at the stop,he suddenly caught sight of a thief.A.Waiting B.When he was waiting C.As he was waiting D.all the above 2、

38、若句子主语与状语内动词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系且状语内有自已的逻辑主语。则该状语不能用分词结构，只能用独立主格结构、with+复合宾语结构或从句。如：1.The soldier fell asleep _.A.with the candle burning B.burning the candle C.when he was burning the candle D.when burning the candle 2._,the Tiananmen Square looks more beautiful.A.Being on B.When being on C.With all the

39、 lights on D.When it turns on all the lights 3._ the notice,he had an idea.A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above 4._ the notice,an idea came to his mind.A.When he was watching B.Watching C.When watching D.all the above 词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系通常被称为独立主格结构独立主格结构的基本构成形式及功能独立主格结构主要起状语作用相当于一个状语从句多用来表示行为方式伴随等情况有时也可用来们可以到操场上散散步名词或代词主格形容词电脑虽小我们却能广泛地利用它们衣服很脏你点儿洗洗吧名词或代词主格不定式最后一位客人到了我们的晚会就开始了名词或代词主格介词短语我们的英语老师走进了教室手里拿着试卷独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后它有自己的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致例而分词短语转换为状语从句后从句的主语与主句的主语一致例转