英语动词时态语态语气高考英语_-高考英语.pdf
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1、学习必备 欢迎下载 at the time ofspeaking(now)starting point(past)ending point(future)continuous/progressive英语动词时态、语态、语气简述-Introduction:tense/voice/modal 英语中,动词可以说是最为重要的词类,它们的变化最多。动词由于是谓语(predicate)的核心,它们的正确使用决定了句子的表述是否顺畅,语义是否清晰。所以有人说,学好动词则英语学好了大半。学好动词,我们需要弄清楚它们的时态、语态、语气三种问题。1动词时态(tense)我们中国人学英语,最大的障碍就是时态问题。
2、这是因为受母语的影响,在汉语中,动词是没有时态的概念的。而大部分西方语言,都有时态的概念。这种差异,有的语言学家将其归结为语言思维的差异,这,我们不用深究。我们只要知道,英语的动词一定是有时态的,时态-就是一种表示 时间和状态 的主动词形式。1.1 现在进行时(present continuous/present progressive)1.1.1 时间:现在(present)-:动作发生的时间是现在而非过去,一般也就是说话时的时间。1.1.2 状态:正在进行(continuous/progressive)。什么叫做正在进行?-指该动作在过去某个时间点开始,直到现在(说话时)仍然继续,在一定的
3、时间范围内,还将继续下去。He is working now.Dont disturb him!I m cooking right now.But after the dinner,can you wash the dishes?掌握现在进行时,我们一定要明确以下概念:1只有具有持续性概念的动作动词(action verb),才可能有进行时态,而表示状态或瞬间动作的动词,不能使用进行时态。这是很容易理解的,因为表状态的动词本身不具有动作性,如:She is a teacher.The soup tastes delicious.The news sounds disappointing.这状态
4、往往只是表明某种性质的是、否。我们一般不容易混淆,稍稍让我们感到困惑的是瞬间动作词,在汉语里,我们常常把这些词所对应的动作当作可持续的,但在英语里,它们是不可持续的,往往具有状态动词的特征,而不强调动作,此类词一般常见的如下:表感情意识状态:like/dislike/love/hate/prefer/want/need/know/realize/suppose/mean/understand/believe/remember 感官意识状态:see/hear/smell/taste 表所属关系:有,包含:belong/contain/consist/depend/seem/have 如:Im h
5、ungry.I want something to eat.Do you understand what I mean?当 think 表示“认为”的意思时,同样也不用进行时态:What do you think about this book?2.即使是动作动词,同样也有动作持续时间长短的问题。有的动作持续时间短,所以动作一般就发生在说话时。He is speaking now,listen carefully.He is sleeping,don t speak loud.但是,更长时间的动作,由于这种动作只是从宏观上看具有持续性,但其间一定是有间断的,说话时,该动作不一定发生,只是说话的
6、时间点包含在该动作的持续时间内。如:He is teaching in our school this year.这里,is teaching 并不是指说话时一定发生的动作。注意比较:He is teaching right now.Don t call him.1.1.3 构造:助动词 be,主动词 verb+ing,参见“词类概述 2.3.4”.陈述句:subject+be+verb-ing:John and Tim are playing basketball on the playground.学习必备 欢迎下载 Are John and Tim playing basketball
7、on the playground?否定句:subject+be+not+verb-ing:Thomason isn t working today.He is staying at home.一般疑问句:be+subject+verb-ing:Are you watching TV right now?Can you turn it down a little?复杂(特殊)疑问句:question word+subject+verb-ing:What are you doing?What are you talking about?Where are you going?1.1.4 用途:1
8、用于表述正在发生的短动作,即说话时正在发生。He is watching TV right now.2.正在发生的长动作,但并非说话时一定发生。She is learning French.She wants to study in France.3.用于谈论正在发生的变化、事件:The population of the world is rising very fast.Are you getting better?4.已经安排好,将要发生的个人事务:I m leaving next Monday.She s coming tomorrow.1.2 一般现在时(present simple
9、/simple present)1.2.1 时间:现在(present)-动作发生的时间是现在而非过去的时间。1.2.2 状态:一般情况(simple)。什么叫做一般情况?-当我们需要对某种状况进行总结,说明某事物现在的一般常态,采用一般现在时,它表明的并不是某一时刻的暂时状态。1.2.3构造:陈述句:subject+verb+He likes swimming.She dislikes dishonesty.否定句:subject+do not/does not+verb+.:He doesn t like swimming.一般疑问句:Do/does+subject+verb.:Does
10、he like swimming?复杂(特殊)疑问句:question word+do/does+subject+verb.:What does he like?注意:当动词 be 为主动词时,它既为主动词,又为助动词。如:He is a teacher.He isn t a teacher.Is he a teacher?What is this?1.2.4 用途:1表述某一事物的常态。He lives in Beijing.She is a teacher in our school.Beijing is the capital of China.He gets up at 6:30.Ma
11、ry visits her mother once a week.2.表述一般真实情况、真理。The sun rises from the east.A water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.There are sixty minutes in an hour.3.表述时间安排,时刻表:The train leaves at 9:45 p.m./The new term starts on 1st,September.现在进行时/一般现在时的差异 1现在进行时表述现在正在进行的情况,一般现在时表述的是一般情
12、况。The water is boiling,please turn it off./Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2.现在进行时表述的是现在暂时的情况,一般现在时表述常态、永久的状况:John lives in New York.Now he is living with his parents in Boston.Im living with a friend until I find a new apartment.3.always do sth 总是做;always be doing 做 太多,以致让人感觉到讨厌.He always watche
13、s weather forecast at 7:30./You are always watching TV,you should do something else.4.与现在进行时搭配的时间副词,表现在、目前时间状态:now/right now/today/this week/this year 等;与 一 般 现 在 时 搭 配 的 时 间 副 词,一 般 表 频 度:how often/usually/often/always/once a week 等:语的核心它们的正确使用决定了句子的表述是否顺畅语义是否清晰所以有人说学好动词则英语学好了大半学好动词我们需要弄清楚它们的时态语态语气
14、三种问题动词时态我们中国人学英语最大的障碍就是时态问题这是因为受母语的思维的差异这我们不用深究我们只要知道英语的动词一定是有时态的时态就是一种表示时间和状态的主动词形式现在进行时时间现在动作发生的时间是现在而非过去一般也就是说话时的时间状态正在进什么叫做正在进指该动作在过概念只有具有持续性概念的动作动词才可能有进时态而表示状态或瞬间动作的动词不能使用进时态这是很容易理解的因为表状态的动词本身不具有动作性如这状态往往只是表明某种性质的是否我们一般不容易混淆稍稍让我们感到困学习必备 欢迎下载 Are you cleaning your house right now?/How often do y
15、ou clean your house?He is visiting his parents today./He visits his parents three times once a month.1.3 一般过去时(past simple/simple past)1.3.1 时间:过去(past).所谓过去,即业已逝去的时间,与现在无关.我们采用过去时,表明某事件在过去发生过,现在的情况,我们不知道.1.3.2 状态:一般(simple),参见“一般现在时”。动词形变参见“词类概述”2.3.2。一般过去时就是一般现在时的过去时间的形式。1.3.3构造:陈述句:subject+verb e
16、d:He was an physics teacher in our school last year.否定句:subject+didn t/did not+verb :She didn t like him,so she left him last week.疑问句:Did+subject+verb:Did you know him at that time?复杂(特殊)疑问句:question word+did+subject+verb+:What did you do last night?Did you go shopping?注意:当动词 be 为主动词时,它既为主动词,又为助动词。
17、如:He was a teacher.He wasn t a teacher.Was he a teacher?What was that?1.3.4 用途:用于叙述过去发生的事件、过去存在的状态等。I visited my parents last week.He was a teacher last year.I finished my work yesterday.1.3.5 特殊过去结构:我们用 used to+verb 的结构来表述过去的情况,表示“过去是/过去发生过 但现在不是/不再发生了”的意思。There used to be a cinema.(=there isn t a
18、cinema now.)He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day.(=he doesn t smoke now.)我们一定要该结构与一般过去时的语义差异:一般过去时仅表示过去的情况,现在的情况不清楚;而“used to+verb”结构不仅表示过去的情况,同时也知道现在不再是以前的状况了。如:He used to be a rich man.(=he isn t a rich man now.)/He was a rich man last year.(=maybe he is still rich now,maybe he isn t rich now,I do
19、n t know.)该结构的疑问式为:Did subject+use to+verb .:Did you use to swim on Sundays?该结构的否定式为:subject+didn t use to+verb :They didn t use to swim on Sundays.该结构无现在时,当我们要表达现在的情况时,用一般现在时。使用该结构时,要注意它与:“be/become/get+used to+doing”的区别,后者表示“习惯于”:He is used to doing exercise in the morning.1.4 过去进行时(past continuou
20、s/past progressive)1.4.1 时间:过去(past).1.4.2 状态:进行中(continuous/progressive).过去进行时是现在进行时的过去时间的形式。1.4.3 构造:陈述句:subject was/were+verb-ing .:He was watching TV when I phoned him.一般疑问句:was/were+subject+verb-ing :Was he watching TV when you phone him?复杂(特殊)疑问句:question word+was/were+subject+verb-ing:What we
21、re you doing at 8 o clock last night?I was doing my homework.否定句:subject+was/were+verb-ing:I wasn t doing my homework.I was watching TV.1.4.4 用途:过去进行时经常与一般过去时同时使用,表示“当 发生时,另一事件正在进行中。”,其中,短动作用一般过去时,长动作用过去进行时。I saw him when I was walking.When he was reading on the beach,he heard somebody call“help!”语的
22、核心它们的正确使用决定了句子的表述是否顺畅语义是否清晰所以有人说学好动词则英语学好了大半学好动词我们需要弄清楚它们的时态语态语气三种问题动词时态我们中国人学英语最大的障碍就是时态问题这是因为受母语的思维的差异这我们不用深究我们只要知道英语的动词一定是有时态的时态就是一种表示时间和状态的主动词形式现在进行时时间现在动作发生的时间是现在而非过去一般也就是说话时的时间状态正在进什么叫做正在进指该动作在过概念只有具有持续性概念的动作动词才可能有进时态而表示状态或瞬间动作的动词不能使用进时态这是很容易理解的因为表状态的动词本身不具有动作性如这状态往往只是表明某种性质的是否我们一般不容易混淆稍稍让我们感到
23、困学习必备 欢迎下载 当两个动作均采用一般过去时时,两个动作的发生存在先后顺序,注意对比:When he arrived,we had dinner.(=first,he arrived,and then we had dinner.)When he arrived,we were having dinner.(=at the time he arrive,we were having dinner.)1.5 现在完成时(present perfect simple)1.5.1时间:现在(present).现在完成时的时间是指现在,它表述的是现在的情况,与过去无关.1.5.2 状态:完成(pe
24、rfect).现在完成时的状态表明:过去开始的某个动作,现在有了结果.所谓完成,只是一种总结,也许该动作还要持续下去.1.5.3 构造:陈述句:subject have/has+past participle:I have read fifty pages of the book.否定句:subject+have/has+not+past participle:I haven t finished my work yet.一般疑问句:have/has+subject+past participle:Have you finished your work?复杂(特殊)疑问句:question w
25、ord+have/has+subject+past participle:What have you done?How long have you been here?1.5.4 用途:用于报告最新情况,事件进展:Ouch!I have burned my hand./There is an accident.Three men have been killed and one has been heavily injured.用于总结到目前为止的事件结果:Our company has made a big profit.I haven t mailed the letter yet.1.5
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