ITIF-气候技术值得关注：绿色氨（英）.pdf

《ITIF-气候技术值得关注：绿色氨（英）.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《ITIF-气候技术值得关注：绿色氨（英）.pdf（9页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、 itif.org Climate-Tech to Watch:Green Ammonia HANNAH BOYLES|APRIL 2023 Green ammonia has attracted plenty of recent attention.The technology is promising,but cost reductions,demonstrations,infrastructure,and market growth are all still needed if it is to realize its potential.KEY TAKEAWAYS The trans

2、ition to net-zero CO2 global energy systems will require countries to deploy a range of transformational technologies.Green ammonia is envisioned to play a role in transitioning heavy industry and agriculture systems as well as being a low-carbon energy carrier.Current ammonia production is responsi

3、ble for 1.8 percent of global CO2 emissions.Producing the hydrogen needed to make ammonia from water electrolysis and renewable energy(e.g.,green ammonia)is a route to significantly reduce carbon emissions.The global green ammonia industry is still in its early stages,with only a few pilot projects

4、in operation,but it has attracted the attention of industry players and governments around the world.Bringing the costs down,improving efficiency,increasing production scale,and expanding pipeline infrastructure will be crucial for new applications and the increased demand envisioned.DOE should enab

5、le the use of green hydrogen in existing ammonia production by supporting demonstration-scale projects coupled with RD&D efforts in catalysis,reactor design,and separations to further reduce costs.Public funding for demonstrations of new end uses will help create a market for green ammonia.INFORMATI

6、ON TECHNOLOGY&INNOVATION FOUNDATION|APRIL 2023 PAGE 2 WHAT IS IT?Ammonia,a colorless gas widely used to produce fertilizer,has become the subject of intense interest due to its promise as an energy carrier and zero-carbon fuel.Producing ammonia is energy intensive and typically involves a reaction o

7、f fossil-derived hydrogen and nitrogen obtained from the atmosphere.Most of the associated carbon emissions are from the use of natural gas as a feedstock for the hydrogen precursor.Alternatively,producing the hydrogen from water electrolysis wherein renewable electricity is the energy source(e.g.,g

8、reen ammonia)is a route to significantly reduce the carbon emissions from ammonia production.1 WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?GREEN AMMONIA AS A CROSSCUTTING CLIMATE SOLUTION The transition to a net-zero carbon dioxide(CO2)global energy system will require countries to deploy a wide range of transformative low

9、-carbon technologies in order to change how energy is generated,transported,and used.Green ammonia is envisioned to play several roles in breaking the dependencies between energy use and CO2 emissions(e.g.,decarbonization)in heavy industry and agriculture systems as well as being a low-carbon energy

10、 carrier.2 Current global ammonia production,mainly for use as a feedstock to produce fertilizer,is roughly 194 million ton per year and is responsible for 1.8 percent of global CO2 emissions.3 Widespread adoption of green ammonia could therefore significantly reduce agricultures carbon footprint.A

11、recent study estimates that using green ammonia for fertilizer,heat,and fuel could reduce the fossil energy consumption of corn and other small grain crops by 90 percent.4 Beyond agriculture,green ammonia offers additional decarbonization options across other industries.It has a high energy density

12、andunlike hydrogendoes not need to be stored at extremely low temperatures or high pressures,making it easier to transport.5 These properties are especially relevant in the maritime sector,which is responsible for roughly 3 percent of global emissions.6 The International Energy Agency(IEA)sees ammon

13、ia as a vital solution for decarbonizing shipping,potentially addressing 45 percent of energy demand by 2050.7 Green ammonia may also play an important role as an energy carrier in the power sector.It is a good candidate for transporting hydrogen,and can also be used as a long-duration storage mediu

14、m to provide electricity at times when renewable generation is low.In this case,variable renewable energy(e.g.,wind,solar)could be used to make hydrogen and then ammonia,which could be stored.Whenever energy use is needed,the ammonia could be reconverted to provide that energy.And,as storing power f

15、or inter-seasonal periods is costly,ammonia could reduce costs in this area.8 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY&INNOVATION FOUNDATION|APRIL 2023 PAGE 3 Figure 1:Role of green ammonia in future energy systems INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY&INNOVATION FOUNDATION|APRIL 2023 PAGE 4 Scaling up global ammonia production doe

16、s,however,come with attendant risks.Ammonia is toxic,and though it is not itself a greenhouse gas,ammonia leaks can interact with other airborne chemicals to form fine particulate matter that ultimately affects air quality.9 In addition,burning ammonia instead of fossil fuels generates nitrogen oxid

17、es(NOx),although existing technologies can minimize these emissions.10 Figure 1 illustrates the landscape of ammonia generation and uses.GLOBAL PROGRESS The global green ammonia industry is still in its early stages,but it has attracted the attention of industry players and governments around the wo

18、rld,with pilot plants already in operation,including those in Britain and Japan that are powered by wind energy.Several companies also have commercial-scale plants in development.Norwegian chemical company Yara is building a plant to produce 3,500 tons of green ammonia annually in Australia.The larg

19、est project announced to date is in Saudi Arabia.Once complete in 2025,it will provide 1.2 million tons of green ammonia annually.11 In parallel,many companies and governments are supporting research into new applications for green ammonia.Mitsubishi is developing turbines to directly combust ammoni

20、a,and Japan has funded a project to retrofit ships to run on ammonia by 2024.Leading maritime engine manufacturers MAN and Wrtsil have both announced plans to make internal combustion engines that can run on ammonia commercially available by 2024.12 PROGRESS IN THE US Green ammonia is currently only

21、 produced at a pilot scale in the United States,but major efforts are underway to achieve commercialization.The Department of Energy(DOE)has played an instrumental role in funding early-stage research,development,and demonstration(RD&D)projects for producing green ammonia.Through the Advanced Resear

22、ch Projects Agency-Energy(ARPA-E)REFUEL program,DOE has funded component technologies and pilot systems for the production and use of ammonia as a carbon-neutral liquid fuel.Following the REFUEL program,ARPA-E awarded an additional$10 million to the Research Triangle Institute to demonstrate the pro

23、duction and use of renewable ammonia.13 Additionally,the DOE Office of Basic Energy Science has funded six fundamental research projects to help decarbonize the existing ammonia market.14 CF Industries,the worlds largest ammonia producer,announced plans to build a green ammonia plant in 2020 in Loui

24、siana.It will produce 20,000 tons of green ammonia per year once it begins operations in 2023.15 KEY POLICY ISSUES:INNOVATION TO ADDRESS COST AND SCALE.Efforts by industry to produce green ammonia at scale are aided by federal support for low-carbon hydrogen production.The Bipartisan Infrastructure

25、Law appropriates$9.5 billion to support the growing clean hydrogen market,and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 provides further incentives,including a production tax credit.16 Despite recent incentives,green ammonia still faces significant barriers to becoming competitive,especially in new end us

26、es such as shipping.At its current costroughly$794 to$1,543 per tongreen ammonia is unlikely to be competitive in the global fertilizer market or as INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY&INNOVATION FOUNDATION|APRIL 2023 PAGE 5 a solution in other sectors.For existing applications,green ammonia will have to meet th

27、e costs of fossil fuels,which range from$121 to$375 per ton.17 For green ammonia to become a viable low-carbon fuel for shipping,it will need to be economically competitive with the fossil fuels that are currently used in shipping,including heavy fuel oil(HFO)and marine gasoil(MGO).Green ammonia wil

28、l also have to compete against other low-carbon alternatives such as biodiesel.18 Figure 2:Comparative cost ranges for shipping fuel,per gigajoule19 Using ammonia for power generation or energy storage introduces additional economic and technical considerations.One such factor is round-trip efficien

29、cy,which measures the efficiency of converting renewable energy to ammonia,storing and transporting the ammonia,and then converting the ammonia back into electricity.The end-to-end efficiency of green ammonia is only between 11 and 19 percent,meaning the resulting power will be between five and nine

30、 times more expensive than the original power used to produce the ammonia.Modeling of ammonia-fired power in Japan finds that generating power from ammonia would cost about twice as much as renewable energy due to the low round-trip efficiency.While the efficiency may improve,green ammonia is unlike

31、ly to become a competitive power source.20 Bringing the costs down,improving efficiency,increasing production scale,and expanding pipeline infrastructure will be crucial for new applications and the increased demand envisioned.DOE plays an important role in overcoming these barriers by funding RD&D

32、to accelerate innovation.Research into such areas as new catalysts,reactor designs,and separation strategies can improve the efficiency of ammonia production and bring down costs.ARPA-E funds several RD&D projects related to low-carbon ammonia through the$36 million REFUEL program.Public$0$10$20$30$

33、40$50$60$70Green AmmoniaBiodieselMarine GasoilHeavy Fuel OilLiquefied Natural GasINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY&INNOVATION FOUNDATION|APRIL 2023 PAGE 6 RD&D funding is also needed to address environmental and safety challenges associated with ammonia combustion,including developing and testing methods to re

34、duce NOx emissions.21 Policies that support end-user demand for green ammonia are also essential.For example,DOE recently funded two projects to study the use of ammonia in gas turbines.22 Similarly,the International Maritime Organization is working to develop guidelines for the safe use of ammonia

35、as a marine fuel,which would help expand demand.23 LOOKING FORWARD Green ammonia has attracted plenty of recent attention.The technology is promising,but cost reductions,demonstrations,infrastructure,and market growth are all still needed if it is to realize its potential.In addition to the cost red

36、uctions,government RD&D is needed to support efforts to remove technical barriers such as low round-trip efficiency.Acknowledgments The author would like to thank Ed Rightor and Robin Gaster for their help with this report.About This Series Innovation to make energy clean,affordable,and reliable sho

37、uld be a central goal of climate and energy policy,because the sobering reality is that climate change caused by unabated combustion of fossil fuels will continue until clean systems match conventional systems in price and performance.But the good news is that there is a wide range of opportunities

38、to do just thatif innovation policy helps the private sector unlock them.In this series of briefings,ITIFs Center for Clean Energy Innovation provides overviews of promising climate technologies,highlighting progress that has been made on them,what still needs to be done,and what the United States c

39、an do to bring them to maturity so they can contribute to the transition to net-zero emissions.About the Author Hannah Boyles is a research assistant with ITIFs Center for Clean Energy Innovation.Previously,Boyles was a research assistant at the Weldon Cooper Center and the ROMAC Lab in Charlottesvi

40、lle,Virginia,and has interned with the American Energy Society.Boyles holds a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Virginia.About ITIF The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation(ITIF)is an independent 501(c)(3)nonprofit,nonpartisan research and educati

41、onal institute that has been recognized repeatedly as the worlds leading think tank for science and technology policy.Its mission is to formulate,evaluate,and promote policy solutions that accelerate innovation and boost productivity to spur growth,opportunity,and progress.For more information,visit

42、 itif.org/about.INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY&INNOVATION FOUNDATION|APRIL 2023 PAGE 7 ENDNOTES 1.“Ammonia:zero-carbon fertiliser,fuel and energy storage”(The Royal Society,February 2020),https:/royalsociety.org/-/media/policy/projects/green-ammonia/green-ammonia-policy-briefing.pdf.2.International Energy A

43、gency(IEA),Ammonia Technology Roadmap Towards more sustainable nitrogen fertilizer production(IEA,October 2021),https:/ Royal Society).4.Nicola Jones,“From Fertilizer to Fuel:Can Green Ammonia Be a Climate Fix?”Yale360,January 20,2022 https:/e360.yale.edu/features/from-fertilizer-to-fuel-can-green-a

44、mmonia-be-a-climate-fix.5.Maria Gallucci,“Why the Shipping Industry is Betting Big on Ammonia,”Spectrum IEEE,February 23,2021,https:/spectrum.ieee.org/why-the-shipping-industry-is-betting-big-on-ammonia.6.Ibid.7.IEA,Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector(IEA,May 2021),https:/ Techno

45、logy Roadmap.9.Jonathan Lewis,“Fuels Without Carbon”(Clean Air Task Force(CATF),December 2018),https:/www.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Fuels_Without_Carbon.pdf.10.Nick Ash and Tim Scarbrough,“Sailing on Solar Could green ammonia decarbonize international shipping?”(Environmental Defense Fund(E

46、DF),May 2019),https:/www.edfeurope.org/news/2019/02/05/shipping-can-reduce-climate-pollution-and-draw-investment-developing-countries;Paul Wolfram et al.,“Using ammonia as a shipping fuel could disrupt the nitrogen cycle,”Nature Energy(October 2022),11121114,https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01124-4

47、.11.Jones,“From Fertilizer to Fuel.”12.IEA,Ammonia Technology Roadmap.13.Research Triangle institute(RTI),“RTI International Awarded$10 million from U.S.Department of Energys ARPA-E to Demonstrate Renewable Ammonia Production and Use,”news release,May 6,2021,https:/www.rti.org/news/rti-international

48、-awarded-funding-us-department-energy;“Renewable Energy to Fuels Through Utilization of Energy-Dense Liquids,”ARPA-e,accessed February 16,2023,https:/arpa-e.energy.gov/technologies/programs/refuel.14.Trevor Brown,“US DOE funding research into sustainable ammonia synthesis,”Ammonia Energy Association

49、,January 27,2017,https:/www.ammoniaenergy.org/articles/us-doe-funding-research-into-sustainable-ammonia-synthesis/.15.Jones,“From Fertilizer to Fuel.”16.U.S.Department of Energy(DOE),DOE National Clean Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmap,(Washington,D.C.:DOE,2022),https:/www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/clean

50、-hydrogen-strategy-roadmap.pdf.17.Innovation Outlook:Renewable Ammonia,International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA),May 2022,https:/www.irena.org/publications/2022/May/Innovation-Outlook-Renewable-Ammonia.18.International Energy Agency(IEA),“Indicative Shipping Fuel Cost Ranges”(accessed March 28,20